Active vocabulary

1. dissenting vote

2. a momentous occasion

3. an excuse to commit crimes

4. gross violations of human rights would not be tolerated

5. to be acknowledged

6. flagrant human rights violations

7. to transcend different political and religious beliefs

8. to prosecute individuals

9. to be endowed with reason and conscience

10. to be presumed innocent

11. to be invoked

12. to impose penalty

13. to be compelled

14. dissolution

15. to be arbitrarily deprived of his nationality

16. to enjoy in other countries asylum

17. to share in scientific advancement

Comprehensive exercises

I. Answer the following questions:

1. How can International human rights instruments be classified into?

2. Are they legally binding instruments?

3. What is the difference between global and regional instruments?

4. Why were human rights finally acknowledged as a global concern?

5. What task did the Commission on Human Rights face?

6. What does the Universal Declaration of Human Rights reflect?

7. What is the structure of the Declaration?

8. What themes are contained in the preamble?

9. What categories of human rights are covered in the articles of UDHR?

10. Is the Universal Declaration of Human Rights itself a document that is legally binding?

II. Decide whether the statement true or false:

1. International human rights instruments can be classified into four categories.

2. International human rights instruments can be divided further into global instruments, which are restricted to states in a particular region of the world, and regional instruments, to which any state in the world can be a party.

3. Most conventions establish mechanisms which are always ignored by member states.

4. Representatives of 58 countries came together at the United Nations in New York to make a profound statement on the value and dignity of human life.

5. Human rights were finally acknowledged as a region concern.

6. This meant that they had to transcend different political and religious beliefs, and different cultures.

7. The Commission on Human Rights enlisted the help of several people, including a Canadian named John Peters Humphrey.

8. There are 30 Articles in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights which cover eight different categories of human rights.

III. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian/Russian:

1. Rights for all members of the human family were first articulated in 1948 in the United Nations’ Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR).

2. Following the horrific experiences of the Holocaust and World War II, and amid the grinding poverty of much of the world’s population, many people sought to create a document that would capture the hopes, aspirations, and protections to which every person in the world was entitled and ensure that the future of humankind would be different.

3. The 30 articles of the Declaration together form a comprehensive statement covering economic, social, cultural, political, and civil rights.

4. The document is both universal (it applies to all people everywhere) and indivisible (all rights are equally important to the full realization of one's humanity).

5. A declaration, however, is not a treaty and lacks any enforcement provisions.

6. Rather it is a statement of intent, a set of principles to which United Nations member states commit themselves in an effort to provide all people a life of human dignity.

7. Over the past 50 years the Universal Declaration of Human Rights has acquired the status of customary international law because most states treat it as though it were law.

8. However, governments have not applied this customary law equally.

9. Countries of Eastern Europe, Latin America, and Asia have emphasized social welfare rights, such as education, jobs, and health care, but often have limited the political rights of their citizens.

10. The United States has focused on political and civil rights and has advocated strongly against regimes that torture, deny religious freedom, or persecute minorities.

11. On the other hand, the US government rarely recognizes health care, homelessness, environmental pollution, and other social and economic concerns as human rights issues, especially within its own borders.

IV. Choose any article of the declaration and speak about it in details:

Article 1	Right to Equality
Article 2	Freedom from Discrimination
Article 3	Right to Life, Liberty, Personal Security
Article 4	Freedom from Slavery
Article 5	Freedom from Torture and Degrading Treatment
Article 6	Right to Recognition as a Person before the Law
Article 7	Right to Equality before the Law
Article 8	Right to Remedy by Competent Tribunal
Article 9	Freedom from Arbitrary Arrest and Exile
Article 10	Right to Fair Public Hearing
Article 11	Right to be Considered Innocent until Proven Guilty
Article 12	Freedom from Interference with Privacy, Family, Home and Correspondence
Article 13	Right to Free Movement in and out of the Country
Article 14	Right to Asylum in other Countries from Persecution
Article 15	Right to a Nationality and the Freedom to Change It
Article 16	Right to Marriage and Family
Article 17	Right to Own Property
Article 18	Freedom of Belief and Religion
Article 19	Freedom of Opinion and Information
Article 20	Right of Peaceful Assembly and Association
Article 21	Right to Participate in Government and in Free Elections
Article 22	Right to Social Security
Article 23	Right to Desirable Work and to Join Trade Unions
Article 24	Right to Rest and Leisure
Article 25	Right to Adequate Living Standard
Article 26	Right to Education
Article 27	Right to Participate in the Cultural Life of Community
Article 28	Right to a Social Order that Articulates this Document
Article 29	Community Duties Essential to Free and Full Development
Article 30	Freedom from State or Personal Interference in the above Rights