
- •2. Build up your vocabulary:
- •3. Find out the words below in the text and detect what word is odd in each of the following sets:
- •4. Work with you partner, compile your own sentences with some of the following words and expressions and then read them to your partner to translate:
- •5. Make up statements matching phrases from column a with phrases from column b. Then translate the acquired sentences:
- •6. Analyze the forms of verb “to be” in the table below and:
- •7. Give short affirmative and negative answers to the following questions according to the model:
- •8. Translate into English:
- •9. Saying numbers in English:
- •Let me introduce myself
- •14. Build up your vocabulary:
- •15. Let’s speak on: a) answer the following questions and be ready to tell your groupmates about yourself:
- •To express your opinion
- •To agree with somebody
- •To disagree with somebody
- •17. Render into English:
- •Unit 2 Modern definitions of economics
- •1. Add these words and expressions to your active vocabulary. They will help you to understand the text ‘Modern definitions of economics’.
- •2. Read and render the text: Modern definitions of economics
- •3. Build up your vocabulary:
- •4. Find the answers to the following questions in the text:
- •5. Find in the text and: a) give Russian equivalent to the following expressions and make up your own sentences with some of them:
- •6. Work with you partner, compile your own sentences with some of the following words and expressions and then read them to your partner to translate:
- •7. Give English equivalents to the following words and expressions from the text:
- •8. Analyze the forms of verb “to have” in the table below:
- •9. Analyze the forms of “there is/are” construction in the table below:
- •10. Ask the questions to the following statements, then answer them according to the models.
- •11. Read the text “My University” and say how many Institutes are there: My University
- •12. Build up your vocabulary:
- •17. Render into English:
- •Unit 3 History review
- •1. Add these words and expressions to your active vocabulary. They will help you to understand the text below.
- •2. Read and render the text; match each part to the headings bellow. Give a title to the text as a whole:
- •3. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and expressions in the text (paragraphs a – d):
- •4. Test yourself, match expressions on the left with their translations on the right:
- •5. Work with you partner, compile your own sentences with some of the following words and expressions and then read them to your partner to translate:
- •6. Find English equivalents to the following words and expressions in the text (paragraphs e – h):
- •7. Read the following terms and explain their meaning in English:
- •8. Review the Structure of English sentence. Analyze the table below:
- •9. Review the structure of the Interrogative sentences. What types of Interrogative sentences do you know?
- •10. Answer the questions. Write the numbers in full:
- •11. Read the text “My working day” and say: How many classes a day does Irina usually have? My working day
- •12. Build up your vocabulary:
- •13. Let’s speak on: Answer the questions below and tell about your usual working day.
- •14. Surf the Internet: An unforgettable weekend in New York
- •16. Render into English:
“The ability to learn faster than your competitors
may be only sustainable competitive advantage”
Arie de Geus
PART I
Introductory Course
Unit 1
Introduction to Economics
1. Read the text and say: What is a difference between Microeconomics and Macroeconomics?
Economics is the social science that analyzes the production1, distribution2, and consumption3 of goods and services4. The term economics comes from the Ancient Greek oikonomia – “management of a household5, administration” (from oikos – ‘house’ and nomos – ‘custom’ or ‘law’), hence “rules of the household”. Political economy6 was the earlier name for the subject, but economists in the latter 19th century suggested7 ‘economics’ as a shorter term for ‘economic science’ that also avoided8 a narrow political-interest connotation9 and as similar in form to ‘mathematics’, ‘ethics’, and so forth.
A focus of the subject is how economic agents10 behave or interact11 and how economies work. Consistent with12 this, a primary textbook distinction13 is between microeconomics and macroeconomics. Microeconomics examines the behaviour of basic elements in the economy, including14 individual agents15 (such as households and firms or as buyers and sellers) and markets16, and their interactions11. Macroeconomics analyzes the entire17 economy and issues18 affecting it, including unemployment19, inflation20, economic growth21, and monetary and fiscal policy22.
Macroeconomists study aggregated indicators23 such as GDP (gross domestic product24), unemployment rates25, and price indices26 to understand how the whole economy functions. Macroeconomists develop models that explain the relationship between such factors as national income27, output28, consumption3, unemployment19, inflation20, savings29, investment30, international trade31 and international finance32.
In contrast, microeconomics is primarily focused on the actions of individual agents, such as firms and consumers33, and how their behaviour determines prices and quantities34 in specific markets. While macroeconomics is a broad field of study35, there are two areas of research36 that are emblematic37 of the discipline: the attempt to understand the causes and consequences38 of short-run39 fluctuations40 in national income (the business cycle41), and the attempt to understand the determinants of long-run economic growth42 (increases43 in national income). Macroeconomic models and their forecasts44 are used by both governments45 and large corporations to assist in46 the development and evaluation47 of economic policy and business strategy.
Economic analysis may be applied throughout48 society, as in business, finance, health care, and government, but also to such diverse49 subjects as crime, education, the family, law, politics, religion, social institutions, war, and science. At the turn of the 21st century, the expanding domain of economics50 in the social sciences has been described as economic imperialism.
2. Build up your vocabulary:
1 production – производство
2 distribution – распределение; распространение доходов
3 consumption – потребление; сфера потребления
4 goods and services – товары и услуги
5 household –домашнее хозяйство
6 political economy – политическая экономия
7 suggest – 1) предлагать, советовать 2) высказывать мнение
8 avoid – избегать, остерегаться, сторониться, уклоняться
9 political-interest connotation – политическая окраска
10 economic agents – субъект рынка; субъект хозяйственной / экономической деятельности
11 interact (v) – взаимодействовать: interaction (n) – взаимодействие
12 consistent with – в соответствии с
13distinction – отличие, различие; отличительный признак
14include – заключать, включать в себя, содержать в себе
15individual agents – частный субъект
16market – рынок
17entire – полный, целый, весь
18issue – спорный вопрос; предмет спора
19unemployment – безработица
20inflation – инфляция, вздутие (цен)
21growth – рост
22monetary and fiscal policy – денежно-кредитная и налоговая политика
23aggregated indicator – сводный показатель
24gross domestic product –валовой внутренний продукт, ВВП (совокупная стоимость товаров и услуг, созданных внутри страны за определенный период (обычно за год); один из основополагающих макроэкономических показателей)
25unemployment rate –уровень безработицы
26price indices – индекс цен
27national income – национальный доход (один из обобщающих показателей экономического развития страны - вновь созданная за год стоимость в отраслях материального производства и непроизводственной сфере)
28output – продукция; выпуск изделий
29savings – сбережения
30investment – инвестиции, капиталовложения
31international trade –международная торговля (система международных товарно-денежных отношений, складывающаяся из внешней торговли всех стран мира)
32international finance – международные валютно-финансовые отношения
33consumer – потребитель
34quantities (plural from quantity) – количество; численность, число
35field of study – область исследований, область изучения
36research (n) – исследование; research (v) – исследовать
37emblematic – символический
38causes and consequences – причины и следствия
39short-run – кратковременный
40fluctuations – флуктуации, отклонения
41business cycle – производственный цикл (часть операционного цикла предприятия, характеризующая период полного оборота материальных элементов оборотных активов)
42economic growth – экономический рост
43increase – возрастание, рост; расширение, увеличение
44forecast – прогноз
45government – правительство
46assist in – помогать в/при; помощь при
47evaluation – оценка, определение (качества, пригодности)
48throughout – 1) повсюду, везде; на всём протяжении; 2) во всех отношениях; совершенно; 3) всё время
49diverse – разнообразный, многообразный, разный
50 expanding domain of economics – дальнейшее распространение влияния экономики