Text 3.

UK oil and gas.

The UK is uniquely positioned as a world-class partner for both upstream and downstream projects in the Oil & Gas industry.

UK companies have an outstanding reputation for innovation and manufacturing excellence, dating back to the industrial revolution. Cutting-edge firms can satisfy practically every aspect of the energy industry supply chain, both upstream and downstream, with innovative world-class, fit-for-purpose solutions.

Over the last 40 years, exploration and development of the hostile deep waters of the North Sea has created an unequalled range of products, services and expertise, which now play a major role in offshore and onshore hydrocarbon developments worldwide. UK companies are often partners of choice for challenging new developments in Oil & Gas prospects across the world.

UK firms have developed a vast range of subsea technology, novel offshore platform floating production systems, compelling software, environmental management and control systems, which are now utilised globally. Energy operators of all sizes exploit UK expertise for reservoir analysis and modelling, innovative downhole tools and techniques for drilling multilateral wells, e-enabled reservoir management systems, advanced communications, process control and measurement and support services. UK firms have managed to extend the life of many oilfieldsthat were previously considered only marginally economic, as well as developing deepwater reserves in hostile waters.

There is also a wealth of groundbreaking technology downstream, covering every facet of UK-designed and developed gas transmission and low and medium pressure distribution technology, advanced metering services, control and instrumentation, network modelling, storage, transportation and allied systems.

UK manufacturers can provide virtually all the necessary technology from vast gas compressors and trenchless pipeline laying systems to the latest cogeneration plants and compressed natural gas vehicles. UK firms are experienced at dealing with demanding national and international regulation, while also satisfying highly competitive commercial requirements.

Задание 1.Определитеосновнуюидеютекста, используяследующиеразговорныеформулы:

Themainideaofthetextis; thetextdealswith; accordingtothe text; the text is about.

Задание 2.Закончите предложение, с которого можно начать аннотацию текста:

The purpose of this text is to…

Text 4. History and Development of Petroleum

Petroleum has been known throughout historical time. It was used in mortar, for coating walls and boat hulls, and as a fire weapon in defensive warfare. Native Americans used it in magic and medicine and in making paints. Pioneers bought it from the Native Americans for medicinal use and called it Seneca oil and Genesee oil. In Europe it was scooped from streams or holes in the ground, and in the early 19th century small quantities were made from shale. In 1815 several streets in Prague were lighted with petroleum lamps.

Petroleum seeping out of underground reservoirs has been collected and used for light throughout recorded history. In the 4th century A.D. the Chinese drilled for oil and natural gas, but in the 1850s, oil was still being recovered by skimming it off the tops of ponds. As whale oil became less abundant, producers looked for new ways to extract oil. Edwin Drake dug the first modern oil well in Titusville, Pa, hitting oil at 21.2 m, touching off an oil rush in the area. In 1861 the first oil refinery was set up.

The modern petroleum industry began in 1859, when the American oil pioneer E. L. Drake drilled a producing well on Oil Creek in Pennsylvania at a place that later became Titusville. Many wells were drilled in the region. Kerosene was the chief finished product, and kerosene lamps soon replaced whale oil lamps and candles in general use. Little use other than as lamp fuel was made of petroleum until the development of the gasoline engine and its application to automobiles, trucks, tractors, and airplanes. Today the world is heavily dependent on petroleum for motive power, lubrication, fuel, dyes, drugs, and many synthetics. The widespread use of petroleum has created serious environmental problems. The great quantities that are burned as fuels generate most of the airpollution in industrialized countries, and oil spilled from tankers and offshore wells has polluted oceans and coastlines.

Задание 1. Найдите в тексте ответы на следующие вопросы:

How was petroleum used throughout historical time? Who dug the first modern oil well? When did the modern petroleum industry begin? Kerosene was the chief finished product, was not it? Has the widespread use of petroleum created serious environmental problems?

Задание 2. Составьте аннотацию текста.