18.The sunjunctive mood in English

Subjunctive means "subordinate" (less important than something else) or "dependent" (needing something/someone else). The subjunctive mood is a category of verb forms that we use to express things that are not facts: wishes, possibilities, doubts, suggestions, conditions, etc. Examples: "It may snow tomorrow."(It is not a fact yet. It is a possibility in the speaker's mind.)(Incorrect: "It will snow tomorrow.");"I would do it if I had the time."(It is not a fact. It depends on me having the time.);"You should listen to your parents." (It is not a fact. It is a suggestion.)

The mood of a verb expressing wishes, stipulating demands, or making statements contrary to fact.

The "present" subjunctive is the bare form of a verb (that is, a verb with no ending). It does not show agreement with its subject. (Example: "I strongly recommend that he retire.") The subjunctive may be used in the following circumstances in formal writing.

1)Contrary-to-fact clauses beginning with if: "If I were two-faced, would I be wearing this one?" (Abraham Lincoln)

2)Contrary-to-fact clauses expressing a wish: "At that moment, I had the most desperate wish that she were dead." (Harrison Ford as Rusty Sabich in Presumed Innocent, 1990)

3)That clauses after verbs such as ask, demand, insist, propose, request, and suggest: "I demand that he leave at once."

4)Statements of necessity: "It's necessary that she be in the room with you."

5)Certain fixed expressions: as it were, be that as it may be, far be it from me, heaven forbid, if need be, so be it, suffice it to say

19.Free and bound morphemes

In morphology, a bound morpheme is a morpheme that only appears as part of a larger word; a free or unbound morpheme is one that can stand alone.

A morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that can have meaning assigned to it. 1. A free morpheme is a small linguistic unit with meaning assigned to it (i.e. a morpheme) that can exist on its own e.g. time, llama, bed 2. A bound morpheme is a small linguistic unit with meaning assigned to it (i.e. a morpheme) that cannot exist on its own e.g. -ed, -s, -ing, -er, -en

A bound morpheme is also known as a bound form, and similarly a free morpheme is a free form.

Bound and free morphemes

Free morphemes: constitute words by themselves – boy, car, desire, gentle, man;can stand alone

Bound morphemes: can’t stand alone – always parts of words - occur attached to free morphemes

cats: cat  free morpheme

-s  bound morpheme

undesirable: desire  free morpheme

-un, -able  bound morphemes

21.The parsing of the English verb

We see from the above that to parse a verb is to tell:

1. The principal parts.

2. Whether it is regular or irregular.

3. Whether it is transitive or intransitive.

4. The voice.

5. The mode.

6. The tense.

7. The person.

8. The number.

9. The subject with which it agrees.

Parse the verbs in the following sentences:

1. The boy sold his papers before noon.

2. The train left the station ten minutes before the party arrived.

3. Any nation, however small, fighting for freedom, should receive the sympathy of liberty loving people everywhere.

4. Laugh, and the world laughs with you;

Weep, and you weep alone; For the sad old earth must borrow its mirth, But has trouble enough of its own.

5. We were assured that the men would return to their homes in a few days.

6. The* woman stole behind Phoebe, and peeped from the passage-way into the shop, to note how she would manage her undertaking.

7. "Shoot, if you must, this old gray head,

But spare your country's flag," she said.

8. Rejoice, and men will seek you;

Grieve, and they turn to go; They want full measure of all your pleasure, But they do not need your woe.

9. Build thee more stately mansions, O my soul,

As the swift seasons roll;

Leave thy low-vaulted past; Let each new temple, nobler than the last, Shut thee from heaven with a dome more vast,

Till thou at length art free, Leaving thine outgrown shell by life's unresting sea.

Write sentences in which the verb changes its form to agree with its subject in person and number. Write sentences in the indicative mode; in which the verb is in the present perfect tense; in which it is in the past perfect tense; in which it is in the future perfect tense.

Write sentences showing the use of the infinitive.

Write sentences using the present participle; others using the past participle.

Write sentences in the subjunctive mode. Tell why you think this is the correct mode to use in each case.

22.Speak on: Main grammatical notions. Two sisters of English Grammar. There are 3 fundamental notions: grammatical form, grammatical meaning, and grammatical category. Notional words possess some morphemic features expressing grammatical meanings. They determine the grammatical form of the word.

Grammatical form is not confined to an individual meaning of the word because grammatical meaning is very abstract & general ex: oats-wheat: The grammatical form of oats is clearly plural and grammatical form of wheat is singular, but we can’t say that oats are more than one& wheat is one. So here we say that oats is grammatical. Plural & wheat is grammatical singular. There is no clear one-to-one correspondence between grammatical category of singular & plural and counting them in reality in terms of “one” and “more than one”.

A very vivid example confirming the rightness of this statement is connected with the category of gender with biological sex ex: bull-cow, so the grammatical form presents a division of a word of the principle of expressing a certain grammatical. meaning.

Grammatical meaning is very abstractive generalized meaning, which is linguistically expressed.ex: Peter’s head -the grammatical meaning of the category of case showing the relations between part and a whole.

Grammatical meaning is always expressed either explicitly or implicitly. For instance: The book reads well here the grammatical. meaning of passivity is expressed implicitly.

Grammatical meaning is a system of expressing the grammatical meaning through the paradigmatic correlation of grammatical forms-expressed by grammatical opposition, which can be of different types:

1. Private

2. Gradual-large-larger-largest

3. Equipollent-am is are

By the number of the opossums opposition may be binary, ternary, quaternary and so on. Any opposition can be reduced. The most important type of opposition is the binary-private opposition. The other type of opposition may be reduced to this kind of opposition.

Oppositional reductions (binary)

1. Neutralization /weak-strong

2. Transposition: strong-weak

How we express grammatical meaning: 

1. Inflexions-pen-pens,

2. Sound alternation- replacive morpheme-man-men,

3. Analitycal means with the help of analytical forms (discontinuous morphemes)