- •2. Speak on the Inherent Categories of the English Noun (number)
- •3. Speak on the Inherent Categories of the English (gender )
- •5. Speak on the differencialed plural according to Otto Jespersen
- •6. Speak on: o. Jespersens theory of three ranks
- •7. Speak on: the classification of words into groups according to Henry Sweet
- •8. Speak on the parts of speech classification on the line of Traditional grammar
- •9. Speak on The interface of Morphology with other Linguistic modules
- •12. The General characteristics of the functional parts of speech (adverb prepositions interjection)
- •13. The Parsing of the English Noun.
- •14.The parsing of the English verb
- •15.The category of Tense of the English verb.
- •16. The problem of the Future Tense.
- •17.The Inherent category of mood in English
- •18.The sunjunctive mood in English
- •19.Free and bound morphemes
- •21.The parsing of the English verb
- •23.Speak on: Classification of Morphemes according to m.Y.Blokh p.P. 27-37
- •24. The Grammatical classes of the word.
- •25. Classification of morphemes according to l. Bloomfield.
- •26. Сlassification of morphemes according to the structure.
- •27. Haplology :support your answer with examples
- •28. Speak on The difference between Morphemes, Morphs and Allomorphs.(examples)
- •30 Speak on Is Morphology necessary? What are the properties of Morphology that set it apart from Syntax?
- •31) The object of Syntax
- •33)The classification of the simple sentences according to the structure
- •34)The classification of the simple sentences according to the purpose of utterance (Declaration,Interroga tise,Imperetive, Exclamative and their types)
- •35.Ways of forming guestions in the English language
- •36.Elementary structures in English and their peculiarities
- •37. Otto Jespersen grammatical studies of Phrase structure
- •38.M.Y.Blokh`s theory of English phrases
- •39.The paradigmatic structure of Simple Santences
- •40.Speak on: the problem of the imperative sentence (directives)
- •Imperatives with a subject
- •41.The major and minor elements of the english sentence „
- •42.The complex sentence: types of clauses problems
- •44.The role of conjunctions in forming the composite sentence.
- •45.The types of conjunctions according to Halliday m.A.K.
- •46. Elliptical construction and the problems.
- •47. The problem of the number of principal and secondary parts of the sentences.
- •49. The head-first-head last approach to the phrase structure.
- •50. Marked and unmarked forms of English grammar.
- •51. The system of polarity: support the theory with examples.
- •52. Semantic scope of negation.
- •53.The role of preposition in combining words into sentences.
- •54. The types of the predicate and the ways of its realization. Problems
- •55.The types of the predicate and the ways of its realization.
- •56. The types of attribute and the ways of its realization
- •57. The Rank scale.
- •58. The transactional and interactional functions of a language.
- •59) Extended and unextended sentences in modern English
- •60)The schematic of the English sentence.
57. The Rank scale.
The RANK SCALE is one of the dimensions of organization of the grammar whereby all the lexico-grammatical resources (clauses, groups/phrases, words and morphemes) are organized hierarchically, from higher-ranking units to lower-ranking units. The principle of organization can be formulated as follows: higher-ranking units (like the clause) are made up of lower-ranking units (like the groups and phrases) and these, in turn, are made up of units which are still lower in rank, like words. The lowest-ranking unit in the rank-scale used by most SFGrammarians is the morpheme. Words are made up of morphemes. The rank-scale used in this course and the principle underlying it is represented in the next slide.
The RANK SCALE used in:
clause/clause complex
group/phrase
word
morpheme
GROUPS:
Nominal group (NGp): trains, those trains, those three trains, those three splendid trains with pantographs
Verbal group (VGp): understood, had understood, must have understood, will have been understood
Adjectival group (AdjGp): difficult, very difficult, so difficult I decided to give it up
Adverbial group (AdvGp): quickly, very quickly, so quickly that I had difficulties following him.
Additionally, at the same rank as groups, we will be recognizing PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES. See the difference between Group and Phrase in the next slides.
Prepositional Phrase (PP):
She forgave him out of love.
She was born in the 1920’s.
The man at the corner is staring at you.
Life in the 19th century was very different.
Phrases are MINICLAUSES
A PP such as “out of love” is not an extension of the preposition, but rather, like clauses, is made up of different constituents “out of” and “love”, the latter being the object or term of the preposition. This object or term of the preposition is very much like a participant or an element of the clause, such as “the bridge that morning” (Complement = DO of the verb) in “The expedition had crossed the bridge that morning”, i.e. it completes the meaning of the preposition rather than extend it. So PPs are structures of Complementation.
58. The transactional and interactional functions of a language.
As a means of communication, related to discourse study, language has two primary functions, those are, transactional and interactional function.
Transactional refers to language as a means of conveyance of information. Linguists and linguistic philosopherstend to adopt a limited approach to the function of language in society. While they frequently acknowledge that language may be used to perform many communicative functions, they nonetheless make the general assumption that the most important function of language is the communication of information. In the other words, the emphasize is in the capacity to convey the information, so that the language used by the speaker must be clear and understandable by the hearer. It also means that the content and arrangement of the language used is the focus, the hearer is not the primary concern.To make our utterance can be understood by the hearer, of course, we have to concern about many aspects of the language, starting from the intonation, pronunciation, diction, grammatical order must be paid attention carefully. Moreover, In this view, the smallest unit of language is sentence, since sentence is considered to be able to carry an adequate information.
Interactional refers to language that functions as a means of social relation maintenance. While linguists,philosophers of language, and psycho-linguists have, in general, paid particular attention to the use of language for the transmission of ‘factual or propositional information’, sociologists and sociolinguists have been particularly concerned with the use of language to establish and maintain social relationship. In the other words, in this view the formulation of information is not so important but the interaction. The grammatical rules no longer became the primary concern and can be ignored as long as the hearer can understand what we said.Imagine that you are sitting in the bus with a stranger next to you. You know exactly that he is holding mobile phone, and of course in it you can find information about the time, but he asks you about the time. Can you guess the true intention of this stranger, Does he truly ask for information about the time? Or he merely wants to open a conversation with you? It seems much more reasonable to suggest that the speaker is indicating a readiness to be friendly and to talk.