A to Z Cram Guide

Suture types (204Slatter) Absorbable sutures undergo degradation within 60 days; nonabsorbable sutures retain tensile strength longer than 60 days. Natural absorbable. Gut. Synthetic absorbable. PGA, polyglactin 910, PDS, polyglyconate. Natural nonabsorbable. Metal, silk, cotton. Synthetic nonabsorbable. Nylon, polyester, polypropylene. Gut. Absorbable multifilament. Absorption via macrophages. Significant foreign body reaction. PGA (Dexon). Absorbable multifilament. Absorbed through hydrolysis. Stronger than gut. Tissue drag. Poor knot security. Polyglactin (Vicryl). Multifilament. Well tolerated, minimal tissue reaction, easy handling. PDS. Monofilament. Less tissue drag. Minimal foreign body reaction. Silk. Multifilament. Poor knot security. Tissue reaction. Nylon. Monofrlament or multifilament. Monofilament noncapillary. Minimal tissue reaction. Poor knot security. Polyproplene. Monofrlament. Strength, minimal tissue reactivity. Good knot security. Selection of suture materials. Skin. Nylon. Polypropylene. Subcutis - Synthetic absorbable. Fascia. Synthetic nonabsorbable if prolonged suture strength required. Gut, synthetic absorbable also ok. Synthetic absorbable preferred over gut. Muscle. Synthetic absorbable or nonabsorbable. Nylon and polypropylene for cardiac muscle. Hollow viscous. Surgical gut, synthetic absorbable, monofilament nonabsorbable. Do not use PGA; avoid multifilament nonabsorbable. Tendon. Nylon, stainless steel. PDA, polyglyconate also effective. Blood vessel. Polypropylene. Nerve. Nylon, polypropylene.

Sweet clover (Melilotus alba, 568BS; 1733M) Hemorrhagic disease occurring in animals that consume toxic quantities of spoiled sweet clover. Causes coumarol poisoning. Results in prolonged clotting time, spontaneous hemorrhage, fatal anemia. Treat with vitamin K (Kl (phytonadione) is more effective than I3 (menadione)).

Swine dysentery (197M) Mucohemorrhagic diarrhea of pigs. Affects large intestine. Cause. Treponema hyodysenteriae. Clinical findings. Mucoid diarrhea with fleck of blood. Diagnosis. Clinical signs. Characteristic lesions in large intestine. Isolation of organism. Treatment. Antibacterials. Lincomycin.

Symblepharon (886BS) Adhesion of eyelid to eyeball.

Sympathetic and parasympathetic receptors (776BS, 18BS) Adrenergic receptors. Receptors for epinephrine or norepinephrine, such as those on effector organs innervated by postganglionic adrenergic fibers of the sympathetic nervous system. Alpha versus beta. In general, alpha=smooth muscle constriction; beta=smooth muscle dilation. Alpha adrenergic receptors. Stimulated by norepinephrine. Beta adrenergic receptors. Stimulated to epinephrine. Bl receptors produce lipolysis and cardiostimulation. B2 receptors produce bronchodilation and vasodilation. Cholinergic receptors. Receptor sites on effector organs innervated by cholinergic nerve fibers and which respond to acetylcholine secreted by these fibers. Muscarinic receptors. Present on autonomic effector cells. Nicotinic receptors. Present on autonomic ganglion cells and on motor end plates of skeletal muscle.

Taurine deficiency (50bEtt, 14M) Causes generalized retinal degeneration and dilated cardiomyonathy in cats.

TEME (602M, 426BS) Thromboembolic meningoencephalitis. Acute septicemic disease of CNS and eye. Occurs in cattle. Cause. Hemophilus somnus. Transmission. Aerosol; urine (briefly). Pathogenesis. Organism circulates in the bloodstream and causes disseminated intravascular coagulation, severe vasculitis, hemorrhage, thrombosis, infarction. Clinical findings. Fever, followed by CNS signs. Blindness, weakness, ataxia, recumbency. Hemorrhagic infarcts on brain; synovitis, pleurisy, pneumonia, pericarditis; retinal hemorrhage. Diagnosis. Clinical signs, necropsy. Treatment. Penicillin, streptomycin, oxytetracycline. Bacterin.

Tetanus (330M) Caused by neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani in necrotic tissue. Sensitivity. Horse most sensitive; cat least sensitive mammal; birds very resistant. Pathogenesis. Found in soil and intestinal tracts. Introduced into tissue via deep puncture wound; docking, castration, etc. Spores only grow in necrotic tissue. Toxin absorbed by motor nerves in the area and passes up nerve tract to the spinal cord, causing ascending tetanus. Toxin interferes with release of neurotransmitters, causing spasmodic, tonic contractions of the voluntary muscles. Clinical findings. Incubation period 14 days. Tonic spasms, hyperesthesia. Erect ears, tail stiff and extended, third eyelid prolapsed, sawhorse stance. Control. Tetanus toxoid.

Thelazia (305M). Eyeworm. Parasites of conjunctival sac. Deposited. by Musca flies feeding on ocular secretions. Causes conjunctivitis. lacrimation. blepharospasm, and keratitis. Remove parasites with forceps; ocular levamasole solution.

Thiactarsemide (911BS) Caparasolate. Anthelmintic used against adult heartworms. Has significant hepatic and renal toxicity.

Thoracic duct (805Miller, 912BS) Duct beginning in the cisterna chyli and emptying into the venous system at the junction of the left subclavian and left internal jugular veins. Acts as a channel for the collection of lymph from the portions of the body caudal to the diaphragm and from the left side of the body in front of the diaphragm.

Thoroughpin (913BS) Tenosynovitis of the deep flexor tendon of the hindleg. Soft, nonpainful swelling above the point of the hock and on the medial and lateral aspects of the hock. No lameness.

Thromboembolic disease (388bEtt) Occurs in cats. Associated with cardiomyopathy. Embolus occurs more frequently at the distal aortic trifurcation. Clinical findings. Results in paraparesis, pain, pallor of affected paws, paresthesia, paralysis, cyanotic nail beds, absence of femoral arterial pulses, cold extremities. Anterior tibial and gastrocnemius muscles become hard due to ischemic myopathy. Cardiac abnormalities. Heart murmur; supraventricular arrhythmias; left atrial and ventricular enlargement; congestive heart failure. Treatment. Manage heart failure. Heparin therapy to prevent further thrombosis. Aspirin therapy.

Tonsillar tumor (429bEtt) Squamous cell carcinoma. Dogs and cats. Unilateral, irregular, firm ulcerated mass. Poor prognosis due to metastasis to retropharyngeal or mandibular lymph nodes. [Bilateral symmetric tonsillar enlargement caused by lymphosarcoma.]

Toxoplasmosis (356M). Cause. Toxoplasma gondii. Protozoan. Etiology. Life cycle completed in the cat. Transmission. Oocyst passed in feces of susceptible cats for 3-20 days following infection. Oocysts sporulate in 2-4. days and become infective. Oocysts resistant, survive in environment for years. Clinical findings. Most infections latent. Important cause of abortion in sheep and humans. Cause fetal leukoencephalomalacia. Diagnosis. Serology. High IgM titers in cats indicate active infection and potential public health risk. High IgG levels indicate past infection in cats and immuni . Rising IgG titers indicate active infection. Treatment. Treatment seldom warranted. Transmission. Previously unexposed pregnant animals can develop parasitemia with spread of infection to fetus. Most Toxoplasma infections acquired after birth due to ingestion of undercooked meat or ingestion of herbage contaminated with oocysts from cat feces. Latent toxoplasmosis can become active following immunosuppression. Prophylaxis. Do not feed cats raw meat; dispose of litter daily; avoid contact with cats and litter.

Transmissible gastroenteritis (198M). Viral disease of the small intestine that causes vomiting and profuse diarrhea in pigs of all ages. Cause. Coronavirus. Aerosol. Clinical findings. Results in severe villous atrophy of jejunum and ileum. Vomiting initial sign. Profuse watery diarrhea. Severe dehydration. Diagnosis. Clinical signs. IFA of small intestine. Treatment. Supportive. Feed sow TGE infected intestine 2 4 weeks before farrowing.

Transmissible venereal tumor (683M, 965BS). Cauliflower like tumor located on the exterior genitalia. Spontaneous regression. Metastasis uncommon (5%). Chemotherapy treatment of choice. Vincristine. Prognosis for remission good.

Traumatic reticuloperitonitis (224M) Hardware disease. Cause. Results from perforation of the reticulum by swallowed metallic objects. Clinical findings. Causes peritonitis, pleuritis, pericarditis. Sudden onset rumenal atony, drop in milk production. Elicit grunt on pressure of xiphoid. Can have signs of pericardial effusion. Diagnosis. History, clinical findings. Treatment. Medical. Antibacterials. 60% or more recover with medical management only. Surgical. Rumenotomy with manual removal of the object.

Trichinosis (386M). Parasitic disease of public heath importance. Human infection via ingestion of insufficiently cooked pork. Pork should be cooked to assure that all tissues is heated to a temperature of > 136F. Can also heat, freeze or cure to kill trichinae before market.

Trichomoniasis (662M). Venereal disease of cattle characterized by early fetal death and infertility. Cause. Tritrichomonas foetus. Found in genital tract of cow and bull. Transmission by AI can occur. Bulls remain permanently infected unless treated. Cows remain infected throughout pregnancy and 3 months following pregnancy; then are free of infection. Clinical findings. Early fetal death characterized by repeat breeding, prolonged calving interval. Diagnosis. Finding organism in placental fluid, stomach of aborted fetus, prepuce. Treatment. Cull bull. Rest heifers 3 months. AI with semen free of T. foetus.

Vagal Indigestion (179M). Cause. Lesions that involve vagus nerve of the forestomach and abomasum cause varying degrees of paralysis; results in delayed passage of ingesta, distention of the abdomen, anorexia, passage of small amounts of soft pasty feces. Traumatic reticuloperitonitis is the most common cause. Results in acid base and electrolyte imbalances. Poor response to treatment. Rumenotomy for temporary relief.

Verapamil (147P). Pharmacology. Calcium channel blocker. Inhibits contractile mechanisms of vascular and cardiac smooth muscle. Also has inhibitory effects on the cardiac conduction system, antiarrhythmic properties. Use. Supraventricular tachycardias.

Vesicular diseases. Foot and Mouth Disease. Extremely contagious disease of cloven footed animals. Aphthovirus. Fever and vesicular lesions at mouth and coronets. Vesicular Stomatitis. Infectious disease of horses, cattle and pigs. Rhabdovirus. Transmitted by mosquitoes and biting fees. Vesicular Exanthema of Swine. Acute febrile disease caused by calicivirus. Causes vesicular stomatitis. Swine Vesicular Disease. Enterovirus. Vesicular lesions at coronet, mouth and snout.

Zearalenone (1685M). Estrogenic substance produced by Fusarium graminearum. Found in moldy corn. Causes signs of hyperestrogenism.

Zinc deficiency (1198M). Involved in process of cell division. Broad effects. Slipping of wool, anorexia, listlessness, poor production. Parakeratosis, stiff joints, unthriftiness. Alopecia, dermatitis. Poor wound healing.

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