In addition furthermore

also too

The following words/phrases are used to express contrast:

In spite of/despite on the other hand

however while/whereas

though/although/even though yet

but nevertheless

Note: Even though is more emphatic than although. Though is informal and is used in everyday speech.

E.g.: Even though they may be motivated to participate, employees may not have the ability to make decisions.

Task 19: Change the following sentences to use expressions of addition.

E.g.: Companies flatten their hierarchies.

Companies not only flatten their hierarchies but also restructure

1. Functions and structures must be folded together.

(Both ... and)

2. Former managers may be reclaimed to the status of team member. (Moreover)

3. Former managers must adapt to new situations and acquire new skills. (As well as)

4. Their organizations will be dynamic. (Besides, in addition )

5. Group leadership will become an important managerial role. (Furthermore)

Task 20: Change the following sentences to use expressions of contrast.

1. Employees will benefit from seeing themselves as part of a team. (On the other hand)

2. Relying on outside consultants for this important function will be counterproductive. (Yet)

3. These same managers often lack the understanding. (Yet)

4. Restructuring means that former managers must adapt to new situations and acquire new skills. (In spite of ...)

5. Changing the role of managers influence the activity of their organizations. (One the other hand ...)

6. Restructuring the company’s management is a positive factor, new duties must be added to people’s existing jobs.

Task 21: Us as many expressions of addition as you can in the situation of your own.

Task 22: Use as many expressions of contrast as you can in the situation of your own.

Developing Interpretation Skills

Task 23: Translate the text into Russian and render it.

Railroads

Rail rates and contracts encourage multiple-car shipments because the railroad can switch and haul a number of cars as easily as one. The largest of rail hauls are handled on unit trains. This is a train of permanently connected cars that carries only one product nonstop from origin to destination. It can be thought of as a conveyor belt. Once the product is delivered, the train returns empty to its origin and makes another nonstop run. Unit trains benefit both the railroads and their customers: the trains achieve a very high percentage of car utilization and usually provide less expensive and more dependable service. Currently, over 90 percent of all coal movement is by unit trains.

Task 24: Translate the text from Russian into English and write it down.

Грузоотправителям, обычно пользующимися услугами железной дороги, необходимо иметь железнодорожные подъездные пути на территории своих объектов. Кроме того, они должны предпринять определенные меры, чтобы грузополучатель смог получить грузы, отправляемые по железной дороге. Железные дороги специализируются на доставке сырья и необработанных материалов, мерой которых являются железнодорожные вагоны. Когда-то почти все крупные предприятия имели свои подъездные пути и железные дороги, как правило, перевозили обычные товары в товарных вагонах. Теперь эта часть их бизнеса постепенно пришла в упадок, а на железных дорогах образовался большой избыток товарных вагонов. Поэтому сейчас железные дороги практически не покупают новые товарные вагоны и ведется дискуссия о необходимости специализации железных дорог на контейнерных и комбинированных автомобильно-железнодорожных перевозках.