- •Sustainable consumption and production (scp).
- •Strategic priority areas in the work of the Center for scp (cscp).
- •Resource-and low-waste technologies.
- •Energy efficiency. Alternative energy sources.
- •Energy efficiency-low consumption in industry.
- •Energy efficiency in buildings, transport, appliances.
- •Energy saving programs and legislation in Kazakhstan.
- •The role of the Kyoto Protocol in achieving sustainable energy use.
- •Ethical principles and standards of business and management of the organization.
- •Sustainability and social responsibility.
- •Corporate social responsibility. The benefits for business and society from implementing the principles of corporate social responsibility.
- •Civil society as an important component of sustainable development.
- •The concept of citizenship. Citizenship as an essential element of a democracy.
- •Democracy: principles and values.
- •Prospects for the development of civil society in Kazakhstan.
- •The value of public sector in political decisions aimed at sustainable development.
- •Human rights as the supreme human value. The purpose of creation of the United Nations.
- •The Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the basis for the concept of sd.
- •The Human Rights and sustainable human development.
- •The legislation of Kazakhstan on Human Rights – reflection of the standards of international laws.
- •Role of political parties and ngOs in building a civil society.
- •23. The concept of welfare and well-being.
- •24.Social indicators that reflect different aspects of well-being.
- •Absolute and relative income.
- •Monetary income in the assessment of living standards of the population.
- •Types of inequality. International inequality and its causes.
- •Quantitative characteristics of inequality: the Gini coefficient, Lorenz curves.
- •Inequality in the countries with transition economies and Kazakhstan.
- •Absolute and relative poverty.
- •Indicators of poverty. The Human Poverty Index.
- •The levels of urban and rural poverty.
- •State and regional programs of Kazakhstan on poverty reduction.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the basis for the concept of sd.
Sustainable human development (SHD) aims at expanding the choices for all people --women and men, present and future generations- while protecting the natural systems on which all life depends. SHD is human-centered, placing people at the center of development and viewing human beings as both means and end of development.
Human rights and SHD are both human-centered. They are also interdependent and mutually reinforcing. Development efforts are unsustainable where the rule of law and equity do not exist; where ethnic, religious or sexual discrimination are rampant; where there are restrictions on free speech, association and the media; or where large numbers of people continue to live in conditions of abject and degrading poverty. Similarly, human rights are greatly enhanced when gender equity or poverty reduction programs empower people to become aware of and claim their rights. Both SHD and human rights will be undone in an environment that is not free of repression, threat or disease; and each will be better able to promote human choices in a peaceful and democratic environment.
The Human Rights and sustainable human development.
There is an inseparable relationship between sustainable development and human rights. This relationship can be seen in many different ways, yet just as the environment and development are closely bound to each other, they are also bound to human rights. The respect for human rights has been recognized as a prerequisite for development.
To address basic social and economic issues, as well as issues related to the environment, public mobilization is needed, yet it is when public mobilization happens that human rights are likely to be violated. Environmental degradation that is a result of irresponsible practices by governments, industry, and transnational corporations fundamentally infringe on the right of all people to a healthy environment, yet when these powers are challenged, there is a risk involved for those who dare to challenge them. In many countries, such as Argentina, there is a history of silencing, a history which prevents popular participation in building a social movement which addresses sustainability and challenges the existing development models. Freedom of expression enables people to challenge unsustainable practices, to demand their rightful place in developing alternatives for sustainability and changing social and economic structures which negatively affect their communities.
The legislation of Kazakhstan on Human Rights – reflection of the standards of international laws.
Human rights in Kazakhstan are enshrined by the Constitution, mainly — in the section II "The person and the citizen". The Republic of Kazakhstan is the member of the UN, OSCE and the CIS. There is a Commission on Human Rights at the president.
The main articles giving concepts about human rights in Kazakhstan:
Article 15.
1 . Everyone has the right to life.
2 . Nobody has the right to deprive person`s life randomly
Article 17.
1 . Dignity of the person inviolably.
2 . Nobody has to be exposed to tortures, violence, address another cruel or humiliating human dignity or punishment.
Article 18.
1 . Everyone has the right to inviolability of private life, personal and family secret, protection of the honor and advantage.
2 . Everyone has the right to secret of personal deposits and savings, correspondences, telephone negotiations, post, cable and other messages. Restrictions of this right are allowed only in cases and as it should be, directly established by the law.
Article 19.
1 . Everyone has the right to define and specify or not to specify the national, party and religious identity.
2 . Everyone has the right to using the native language and culture, to a free choice of language of communication, education, training and creativity.
Article 22.
1 . Everyone has the right to a freedom of worship.
2 . Implementation of the right to a freedom of worship shouldn't cause or limit the universal and civil rights and duties before the state.