- •Sustainable consumption and production (scp).
- •Strategic priority areas in the work of the Center for scp (cscp).
- •Resource-and low-waste technologies.
- •Energy efficiency. Alternative energy sources.
- •Energy efficiency-low consumption in industry.
- •Energy efficiency in buildings, transport, appliances.
- •Energy saving programs and legislation in Kazakhstan.
- •The role of the Kyoto Protocol in achieving sustainable energy use.
- •Ethical principles and standards of business and management of the organization.
- •Sustainability and social responsibility.
- •Corporate social responsibility. The benefits for business and society from implementing the principles of corporate social responsibility.
- •Civil society as an important component of sustainable development.
- •The concept of citizenship. Citizenship as an essential element of a democracy.
- •Democracy: principles and values.
- •Prospects for the development of civil society in Kazakhstan.
- •The value of public sector in political decisions aimed at sustainable development.
- •Human rights as the supreme human value. The purpose of creation of the United Nations.
- •The Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the basis for the concept of sd.
- •The Human Rights and sustainable human development.
- •The legislation of Kazakhstan on Human Rights – reflection of the standards of international laws.
- •Role of political parties and ngOs in building a civil society.
- •23. The concept of welfare and well-being.
- •24.Social indicators that reflect different aspects of well-being.
- •Absolute and relative income.
- •Monetary income in the assessment of living standards of the population.
- •Types of inequality. International inequality and its causes.
- •Quantitative characteristics of inequality: the Gini coefficient, Lorenz curves.
- •Inequality in the countries with transition economies and Kazakhstan.
- •Absolute and relative poverty.
- •Indicators of poverty. The Human Poverty Index.
- •The levels of urban and rural poverty.
- •State and regional programs of Kazakhstan on poverty reduction.
Energy efficiency in buildings, transport, appliances.
Transportation is another sector where former conservation gains are now imperiled by new trends. Rail is the most fuel-efficient alternative for moving both goods and people. There has been lots of energy-efficiency progress. Another growing trend in automotive efficiency is the rise of hybrid and electric cars.
Better Buildings. Globally, buildings are responsible for approximately 40% of the total world annual energy consumption. Most of this energy is for the provision of lighting, heating, cooling, and air conditioning.
The ways of reducing building energy consumption are:
One way of reducing building energy consumption is to design buildings, such as Low-energy buildings, which are more economical in their use of energy for heating, lighting, cooling, ventilation and hot water supply.
Low-energy buildings typically use high levels of insulation, energy efficient windows, low levels of air infiltration and heat recovery ventilation to lower heating and cooling energy.
Energy saving programs and legislation in Kazakhstan.
Demand for power in Kazakhstan is growing at a rate of 5 to 7 % per annum and existing generation facilities are becoming unable to meet the growing generation deficit. The majority of electricity is produced in aging coal-fired power stations and transmitted over thousands of kilometers to customers.
In this regard the development of renewable energy in Kazakhstan will have a number of benefits. It will reduce emissions of pollutants from the Kazakh power sector, it will reinforce the stretched transmission system and reduce losses and it will provide a hedge against volatile international fossil fuel markets. Legislation for renewable energy in Kazakhstan is expected to support the development of up to 2000MW of wind power and up to 1000MW of new small scale hydro-electric power generation by 2024 and meet the Government’s indicative target of 5% of power to be generated from renewable sources.
The role of the Kyoto Protocol in achieving sustainable energy use.
The Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC)1 adopted in 1997 calls for greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions to be reduced by 2008-2012. The CO2 emissions reduction of 5.2% by developed countries and global emission reduction by 50%-60%, compared to 1990 levels, to be reached in the timeframe 2020-2050 is required by the Kyoto Protocol to prevent the climate change and to start to implement new Sustainable Energy policy for Sustainable Economy.
From 2020 onwards a wider Rational Use of Energy, demand side management policies, energy efficiency (demand and supply side), use of renewable energies (RE), hydrogen technologies and fuel cells, highly efficient “clean” technologies with strong policies and measures towards an “exit strategy to oil” are need to be provided. These are the important starting points to implement new Sustainable Energy policy for Sustainable Economy.
During the 1990s, however, global emissions of CO2 increased by almost 9% in spite of a decrease by almost 32% in the countries with economies in transition (EITs). The latter is due to the economic recession in these countries, and not as a result of determined GHG mitigation efforts. In most OECD countries, CO2 emissions have gone up since 1990, not down. The total emissions for all OECD countries increased by more than 10% from 1990 to 1999.