- •Sustainable consumption and production (scp).
- •Strategic priority areas in the work of the Center for scp (cscp).
- •Resource-and low-waste technologies.
- •Energy efficiency. Alternative energy sources.
- •Energy efficiency-low consumption in industry.
- •Energy efficiency in buildings, transport, appliances.
- •Energy saving programs and legislation in Kazakhstan.
- •The role of the Kyoto Protocol in achieving sustainable energy use.
- •Ethical principles and standards of business and management of the organization.
- •Sustainability and social responsibility.
- •Corporate social responsibility. The benefits for business and society from implementing the principles of corporate social responsibility.
- •Civil society as an important component of sustainable development.
- •The concept of citizenship. Citizenship as an essential element of a democracy.
- •Democracy: principles and values.
- •Prospects for the development of civil society in Kazakhstan.
- •The value of public sector in political decisions aimed at sustainable development.
- •Human rights as the supreme human value. The purpose of creation of the United Nations.
- •The Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the basis for the concept of sd.
- •The Human Rights and sustainable human development.
- •The legislation of Kazakhstan on Human Rights – reflection of the standards of international laws.
- •Role of political parties and ngOs in building a civil society.
- •23. The concept of welfare and well-being.
- •24.Social indicators that reflect different aspects of well-being.
- •Absolute and relative income.
- •Monetary income in the assessment of living standards of the population.
- •Types of inequality. International inequality and its causes.
- •Quantitative characteristics of inequality: the Gini coefficient, Lorenz curves.
- •Inequality in the countries with transition economies and Kazakhstan.
- •Absolute and relative poverty.
- •Indicators of poverty. The Human Poverty Index.
- •The levels of urban and rural poverty.
- •State and regional programs of Kazakhstan on poverty reduction.
Midterm Control 2 on the course of “Ecology and Sustainable Development”
Sustainable consumption and production (scp).
1.Sustainable consumption is the use of services and related products which respond to basic needs and bring a better quality of life while minimizing the use of natural resources and toxic materials as well as the emissions of waste and pollutants over the life cycle of the service or product so as not to jeopardize the needs of future generations. Sustainable production is the creation of goods and services using processes and systems that are non-polluting, conserve energy and natural resources, are economically efficient, are safe and healthful for workers, communities, and consumers, and are socially and creatively rewarding for all working people. Sustainable production and consumption involves business, government, communities and households contributing to environmental quality through the efficient production and use of natural resources, the minimization of wastes, and the optimization of products and services.
Strategic priority areas in the work of the Center for scp (cscp).
(1) The first area deals with the socio-economic consequences of progress towards SCP,
especially its contribution to human development and poverty reduction in developing
countries.
(2) Addressing the consumption side is the focus of the second area, which deals with both
individual and institutional patterns of consumption.
(3) The production side is dealt with in the third area, in which the CSCP seeks to encourage
responsible industrial development.
Resource-and low-waste technologies.
Environmentally friendly production. Eco-innovation..
Life-cycle assessment is focused on the actual end-service that products provide: A shift from
individual products to a metabolic systems approach. In recent years, a number of major
companies have cited LCAs in their marketing and advertising, to support claims that their
products are 'environmentally friendly‘. All products have some impact on the environment. Since some products use more resources, cause more pollution or generate more waste than others, the aim is to identify those which are most harmful.
Eco-innovation means all forms of innovation activities resulting in or aimed at significantly
improving environmental protection. Eco-innovation includes new production processes, new
products or services, and new management and business methods, the use or implementation of
which is likely to prevent or substantially reduce the risks to the environment, pollution and any
other negative impact of the use of resources throughout the lifecycle of related activities.
Energy efficiency. Alternative energy sources.
Alternative energy sources. There are many reasons we are looking towards alternative energy sources. Alternative or renewable energy, sources show significant promise in helping to reduce the amount of toxins that are by-products of energy use. Not only do they protect against harmful by-products, but using alternative energy helps to preserve many of the natural resources that we currently use as sources of energy. Wind Power. Wind energy was used to turn mechanical machinery to do physical work, like crushing grain or pumping water. Wind power produces no pollution that can contaminate the environment, since no chemical processes take place in wind power generation. Solar Power. Solar energy is used commonly for heating, cooking, the production of electricity, and even in the desalination of seawater. Solar power works by trapping the sun's rays into solar cells where this sunlight is then converted into electricity.
Geothermal Energy. Geothermal energy harnesses the heat energy present underneath the Earth. Hot rocks under the ground heat water to produce steam. When holes are drilled in the region, the steam that shoots up is purified and is used to drive turbines, which power electric generators.
Energy efficiency is the goal to reduce the amount of energy required to provide products and services. Installing fluorescent lights or natural skylights reduces the amount of energy required to attain the same level of illumination compared with using traditional incandescent light bulbs.