14. Раскройте скобки, используя необходимую по смыслу форму глаголов to be и to have:

1. My friend (to be) at home now. 2. We (to have) English class­es twice a week. 3. Wealth (to be) nothing, happiness (to be) all. 4. She (to be) an economist. 5. A good teacher (to have) some of the gifts of a good actor. 6. Nothing (to be) so rare as complete honesty. 7. A triangle (to have) three sides and three angles. 8. Education (to be) not just learning facts. 9. Everything children study at school (to have) some practical use in their daily life. 10. School (to be) an institution for educating children. 11. This book (to be) interesting. 12. John (to have got) a problem.

15. Вставьте подходящие по смыслу глаголы to be или to have в нужной форме:

Mr. Brown's father (to be) an old man. His hair (to be) grey but he (to be) still in good health. His house (to be) in the same street as Mr. Brown's. When he (to be) a young man he (to have) a house in London. He (to be) a doctor at a large hospital in London, and his wife (to be) a typist at a factory. Now they (to be) both on pension. Last year they (to be) in France and (to have) a very pleasant holiday

Тексты для письменного перевода

Отделение «Русский язык и литература»

Текст 1

WALTER SCOTT

Walter Scott was a great writer, the creator of the historical novel. The novels of the "Scottish enchanter", as Alexander Sergeyevich Pushkin called him, deal with heroic episodes of the past, and with profound changes in the life of the Scottish people and of the whole, of Europe. In some of his works there are fine chapters describing the national liberation struggle.

Walter Scott's great talent enormously impressed his contemporaries. Pushkin was one of the first to understand the importance of Scott's novels, and called them "food for the soul". Even in his youth he was thrilled by Walter Scott's novels, and in 1830 wrote an article, stressing the writer's new approach in depicting history. Pushkin thought highly of the Shakespearean tradition of depicting history as seen in Walter Scott's works, and praised the reality of his characters.

Other classic Russian writers have highly appraised Walter Scott's Wavertey Novels. Nikolai Vasilyevich Gogol, for instance, called the famous Scotsman "a great genius".The poet Denis Davydov, one of the organizers of the partisan movement during the Napoleonic invasion of Russia, was in correspondence with Walter Scott, who had sent him his portrait. Mikhail Yuryevich Lermontov admitted that he was influenced by the general popularity of Walter Scott in Russia, and portrayed Pechorin in his well-known novel A Hero of Our Time reading a novel by Walter Scott before the duel "carried away by its magic fantasy". Walter Scott's verses have been translated by well-known Russian poets and by many poets in Soviet times.

Papers on Walter Scott written by Soviet scholars of literature have received international recognition. A short time ago a new 20-volume edition of the collected works of the novelist came out in the Russian language. The total print of Walter Scott's books published in the Soviet Union runs to over 10 million copies.

Walter Scott was closely interested in Russia, her history and her culture. He even started to write the story of Napoleon's 1812 campaign in Russia and there are numerous warm comments of his on Russian heroes of the war, many of whom he met in Paris.

Early Russian literature also aroused Walter Scott's interest. He was the first in Britain to read The Lay of Igor's Host and appreciated the artistic mastery of this precious relic of old Russian literature long in advance of others.

Soviet people regard the popularity of Walter Scott in our country as a highlight in the history of friendly contacts between the peoples of the USSR and Great Britain.

Текст 2

A GLANCE AT THE EARLY HISTORY OF BRITAIN

The earliest inhabitants of the British Isles were men of Celtic race. The Celts migrated to Britain from the continent of Europe and were closely connected by political and cultural ties with the Celtic tribes of northern France. These Celts were known as Britons. They lived in clan land were not united.

In 55 В. С Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar.4 He revealed the country to the Roman world but he did not conquer it. The conquest of Britain was undertaken later by the Emperor Claudius and was completed by the end of the first century. The Roman occupation lasted for nearly four hundred years, until the beginning of the 5th century and had a great effect on the development of the country. During this period Britain changed greatly. The Romans built roads, walls, cities and baths. They developed trade and agriculture. But they had to keep a large army in readiness to put down rebellions.

In the year 410 the Romans were confronted with imminent danger at home and had to recall their legions. The island was left to itself, open to attack from the Scots in the north and to invasion from the continent. The invaders were Angles, Saxons and Jutes, tribes from the continent north of the continent of Europe. The Anglo-Saxon invaders drove the Britons into the mountainous parts of the country in the west. Later this part of Britain became known as Wales and the people were called Welsh.

For many years the country was ruined. The towns were destroyed, except, perhaps, London. Everything that remained of Roman culture was destroyed. The agricultural lands again became forest.

The invaders set up small kingdoms, among which there was constant war. By the 8th century there were four, which warred against each other. The kingdom of the Angles, Northumbrian was the strongest for a time and from it came England, the name for the whole country.

At the end of the 8th century new invaders came to the coasts of Britain. They were the Danes, kinsmen to the Angles and Saxons. They came up the rivers of Northumbria from the North Sea and settled in the land. The Anglo-Saxons fought bravely, but they could not drive them out. But as they were closely related to the English tribes in language and in blood, their presence in the country was at last accepted. They were absorbed in the mass of the people and assimilated. Traces of their language can, however, still be seen in place-names in the northeast of England.

England was invaded again in the middle of the 11th century. This time the invaders came from Normandy — the northern part of France. The Normans brought with them their customs and culture, the French language and literature. They were originally of like blood and like speech of the English, but they had become French in manner and. language. In England they felt that the language of the people was familiar to them, and by the 13th century they often spoke and even wrote in English. The effect of the Norman Conquest on the development of the English language, however, was great.

Текст 3

EARLY ENGLISH LITERATURE

If we wish to trace English literature back to its very beginnings, we must go back to the days of the Angles and Saxons. These men were bold and fearless, they loved fighting and adventure and were not afraid of the perils of the sea. They brought to Britain their sagas in which the supernatural was mixed with the real. The most famous of them was Beowulf, a poem of more than 3000 lines, which included a number of earlier sagas.

In about fifty years, beginning with the year 597, when the first mis­sionaries came from Rome, the small Anglo-Saxon kingdoms accepted the Christian religion. Monasteries were built and they became important centres of learning. The first books were written there, records and letters were collected and kept.

The first true old English poem appeared in the 7th century in the Anglia kingdom of Northumbria. It was written by a man named Cadmon. He was a servant at a monastery and his songs were religions in essence. His songs were written down by the monks and copied from monastery to monastery.

We know of Cadmon from the works of Bede, who was also a Northumbrian, and spent all his life in the same monastery. When he did in 735 at the age of sixty-two, he left forty-five works in which all the knowledge of his time was accumulated. He wrote on theology, philosophy, grammar, rhetoric, medicine, music, astronomy, meteorology and arithmetic. Bede's Ecclesiastical History is the best existing authority for Early England.

Then came Cynewulf, who was born in the early 9th century. He was the greatest of the northern singers. Cynewulf was the last of the Northumbrian poets, for the Danish invasion had begun. The monasteries of Northumbria, once centres of European learning, were destroyed and the whole of Northumbria was occupied and settled by the Danes.

Learning changed its seat from the North to the South. Alfred, king of Wessex, set up schools in his monasteries. It was in Alfred's reign that the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle became a full narrative of events, and was carefully edited.

After the Norman Conquest French became the language of the court and the nobles. It was the language of law, of schools and of literature. The Church and science used Latin. English was practically forgotten as a literary language. But dialects of it were spoken by the people, by the peasants. Poems, stories, religious tales were now written not in the standard West-Saxon English of the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle but in the dialect of the district where the writer lived. Translations of French poems and stories were very popular.

By the middle of the 14th century English was spoken at the king's court and laws were written in English, in the dialect of London, Oxford and Cambridge. The poet Chaucer used this language, which now rose to the dignity of a national tongue. At this time John Wycliffe translated the Bible into a dialect of English. It was a great work which helped very much to fix and preserve the words of the English language.

Отделение «Управление персоналом/Менеджмент организации»

Текст 1

Business may be privately owned in three different forms. These forms are the sole proprietorship, the partnership and the corporation. The sole proprietorship is the most common in many western countries. For example, more than 80 per cent of all businesses in the United States are sole proprietorships.

But it is evident that sole proprietorships do not do the greatest volume of business. They account for only 16 percent of all business receipts, for example, in America. What kind of business is likely to be a sole proprietorship? First of all, service industries such as laundromats, beauty shops, different repair shops, restaurants.

Text 2

A partnership is an association of two or more persons to carry on a business for profit. When the owners of the partnership have unlimited liability they are called general partners. If partners have limited liability they are 'limited partners". There may be a silent partner as well - a person who is known to the public as a member of the firm but without authority in management. The reverse of the silent partner is the secret partner - a person who takes part in management but who is not known to the public.

Any business may have the form of the partnership, for example, in such professional fields as medicine, law, accounting, insurance and stock brokerage. Limited partnerships are a common form of ownership in real estate, oil prospecting, quarrying industries, etc.

Partnerships have more advantages than sole' proprietorships if one needs a big capital or diversified management. Like sole proprietorship they are easy to form and often get tax benefits from the government. Partnerships have certain disadvantages too. One is unlimited liability. It means that each partner is responsible for all debts, and is legally responsible for the whole business. Another disadvantage is that partners may disagree with each other.

Отделение «Специальная психология»

Текст 1

MEMORY

If you do not use your arms or your legs for some time, they become weak; when you start using them again, they slowly become strong again. Everybody knows this, and nobody would think of questioning this fact. Yet there are many people who do not seem to know¹ that the memory works in the same way. When someone says that he has a good memory, he really means that he keeps his memory in practice by exercising it regularly, either consciously or unconsciously. When someone else says that his memory is poor, he really means that he does not give it enough opportunity to become strong. The position is exactly the same as that of two people, one of whom exercises his arms and legs by playing tennis, while the other sits in a chair or a motor car all day.

If a friend complains that his arms are weak, we know that it is his own fault. But if he tells us that he has a poor memory, many of us think his parents are to blame, or that he is just unlucky, and few of us realize that it is just as much his own fault as if it was his arms and legs that were weak. Not all of us can become extremely strong or extremely clever; but all of us can, if we have ordinary bodies and brains, improve our strength and our memory by the same means—practice.

Have you ever noticed that people who cannot read or write usually have better memories than those who can? Why is this? Of course, because those who cannot read or write have to remember things: they cannot write them down in a little notebook. They have to remember dates, times, and prices, names, songs and stories; so their memory is the whole time being exercised. So if you want a good memory, learn <...> to practice remembering [Hill L. A., Fielden R. D. S. Further Comprehension and Press Pieces for Overseas Students. E 74].

Teкст 2

SOLITUDE IS SOMETIMES THE BEST SOCIETY

Occasional solitude is absolutely necessary for a developing mind. To have time to think is rare in the world today, and time must be made. To continue living and working without moments of solitude is like expecting a machine to work indefinitely without oil.

Solitude is the best society for artists. The creation of any form of beauty depends upon the state of a man's mind, whether the person writes something or paints something. To know one's mind is a thing achieved only by solitude and quiet thinking. And it is this peace that is the force of creation.

But few people like being alone for a long time. The close society of acquaintances and friends, doing useless things to pass the time — these are the necessities of the modern world. People are afraid of having time to think, so they go to the cinema, the television set, or a football match, because they can think of nothing better to do. Creative work is fast disappearing; instead, we'll have a generation of watchers and thought will be left to the poets and scientists.

Some people wouldn't know what to do being alone at times. Finding other people's company preferable to their own, they begin to feel unhappy and grow introspective. Self-analysis can be carried too far by some; others lose the art of conversation, and an ability to give and take — and so run indefinitely without oil.

But to the rest of us solitude brings new worlds. When we think and feel, unwatched by men, ideas and feelings come to us, and we get new strength instead of becoming lost in a hurrying world. Ideas and knowledge of oneself that come from peace are the best things in life; these come only from solitude — occasional solitude, of course (Lapidus B. A., Neusihina M. M., Sheidina I. L. More English through Practice. P. 300—301).

Текст 3

dreams

The fascination of dreams has been felt by all people at every stage of human history. In primitive societies it is sometimes believed that the soul takes leave of the body during sleep and actually visits the scenes of the dream. In general, however, the view that dreams are illusory experiences is universally accepted.

To the psychologist, the dream is a form of natural expression which occurs only when the activity of the brain is depressed by sleep or by the influence of anaesthetics or drugs,. It has much in common with the fantasies and day-dreams of waking life, and differs from them mainly in being expressed in a dramatic iorm in which the dreamer himself appears to play a part,' When dreaming, moreover, one tends ip believe in the "reality" of the dream world, however inconsistem ' or illogical it may be. It is only when one awakes that happenings of the dream dissolve into a half-forgotten fantasy.

The sense of, time is often said to be greatly altered in dreams. lhere is some evidence that dream happenings which seem to oc­cupy a very considerable time occur, in fact, within a few seconds.

People differ vey much in the frequency of their dreams. Some claim to dream every night, others but very occasionally. Although it is probable that there exist real individual differences in the capability to dream, it must be borne in mind that some people appear to forget their dreams much more rapidly than others and are therefore apt to claim that they seldom dream.

Many superstitions and occult practices have been built round the supposed power of dreams to foretell the future. Instances of dreams which have later turned out to be "prophetic" have often been recorded.

Отделение «Журналистика»

Текст 1

THE HISTORY OF THE NEWSPAPER

The earliest attempts to circulate news were made in ancient Rome. In Rome the Daily Events was published from early days of the Empire until its fall in A.D. 1476 and, besides its general circulation, was used as a medium of communication between military officers and their armies. Soon after the invention of printing, newspapers were circulated in Germany. They were small sheets, generally in accounts of the discovery of America, the surrender of Granada to Ferdinand and Isabella, and such local events as earthquakes, executions and witch burning. In the 16th century an official newspaper was issued in Venice, with accounts of battles and other matters of public interest. This paper was circulated throughout Europe, and originally sold for a small coin called a «gazetta». In time the paper was called «gazetta», a name which is still used. These little sheets, issued occasionally, had little in common with the great newspapers of today, with their great number of news items.

Текст 2

BRITISH TELEVISION

1. Watching TV is undoubtedly the way most British people spend most of their spare time. Perhaps this proves something about British TV programmes; on the other hand perhaps it proves something about the British.

2, There are four TV channels: BBC1, BBC2, ITV (Independent Television) and Channel 4.

The first two are run by the British Broadcasting Corporation and are non-commercial. This means that they do not show advertisements. The money to run BBC TV (and radio) comes from a licence, which everybody who owns a TV must buy. The whole of ITV is controlled by the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA). It was set up in 1954. There are fifteen different television programme companies, each serving a different part of the country. These companies get most of their money from firms who use them for advertising.

3. The BBC first channel resembles the fourth radio programme. Except for the short period when it splits into regions, it broadcasts the same news, comments, plays, sports reports, etc.

4. The second channel is for minority tastes. It includes occasionally a complete opera. It broadcasts Open University courses outside popular viewing hours.

5. ITV is run by commercial companies who get their money by showing advertisements. Advertisers' material appears for one or two minutes at quarter-hour intervals, either between programme items or in so-called «natural breaks». There are strict rules about the amount of advertising and the type of advertisements allowed (e.g. advertisements for cigarettes are forbidden). The advertisers do not sponsor the programmes or have any direct influence on their content. However, the charge for each half-minute of time is high, and varies according to the likely number of viewers. The programme companies' financial success depends on their ability to attract viewers, and the programmes themselves inevitably reflect public tastes. In general ITV companies show programmes aimed at the mass market. BBC I programmes are also mainly light entertainment; e.g. detective programmes, comedy shows and music. More serious films, plays and documentaries are normally found on BBC2.

6. All these channels produce a good mixture of miscellaneous entertainment, music, drama and serious discussion. All succeed in presenting news efficiently, interestingly. The BBC and commercial channels can both at, their best be excellent; and both spend some time producing rubbish. Both radio and television are often criticised for many and contradictory reasons. But there seems to be a common opinion among people familiar with the productions of several countries that, compared with others, the British still deserve praise.

Текст 3

BRITISH RADIO

1. When the spread of radio began, the British were quick agree on certain principles. Unlike the press, it should not financed through commercial advertising; but its programm should be free from state control, and should have no state subsidy. The British Broadcasting Corporation (B.B.C.) was set up given the monopoly of radio broadcasting, and financed by compulsory annual payments. Until recently radio in Britain was monopoly of the B.B.C. However, in the past few years commercial radio stations have been opened in many large cities.

2. The B.B.C. operates four national services. The domestic channels are Radio 1, Radio 2, Radio 3, Radio 4. Each of these a distinctive style and content. Radio I specializes in pop-music and broadcasts mainly during the day. Discjackeys introduce their own programmes of records, most of which are taken from the top 40. Radio 2 is also a music station, but concentrates on so-called «light» music, i.e. non-classical, but non-pop. Radio 3 is a culture station. During the day it broadcasts classic music, usually or records, and in the evening it has broadcasts of concerts, play and talks. Radio 4 is basically a spoken-word service. There are news programmes, quizzers, serials and current affair programmes. The B.B.C. has a powerful external service, know as the World Service, providing programmes in about forty different languages and broadcasts to all parts of the world. The activity of this service is based on wide experience and age-old traditions of the British propaganda both at home and in foreign: policy. The radio and television service of the B.B.C. is a most influential branch of the ideological industry..

3. In addition to these services, the B.B.C. also operates number of local radio stations in different parts of the country These report local news and stories and also carry programme from the B.B.C. national network.

4. All B.B.C. stations are non-commercial. They do not carry advertisements and are financed by money, paid for TV licences you do not have to buy a licence if you have only a radio and no a TV. Commercial stations, on the other hand, are financed by the advertisements, which they broadcast.

5. Commercial stations are now found in many large cities an most of them broadcast a variety of programmes to suit the need and the tastes of local audiences. In London there are two commercial stations which broadcast twenty-four hours per day.