- •2. Build up your vocabulary:
- •3. Find out the words below in the text and detect what word is odd in each of the following sets:
- •4. Work with you partner, compile your own sentences with some of the following words and expressions and then read them to your partner to translate:
- •5. Make up statements matching phrases from column a with phrases from column b. Then translate the acquired sentences:
- •6. Analyze the forms of verb “to be” in the table below and:
- •7. Give short affirmative and negative answers to the following questions according to the model:
- •8. Translate into English:
- •9. Saying numbers in English:
- •Let me introduce myself
- •14. Build up your vocabulary:
- •15. Let’s speak on: a) answer the following questions and be ready to tell your groupmates about yourself:
- •To express your opinion
- •To agree with somebody
- •To disagree with somebody
- •17. Render into English:
- •Unit 2 Modern definitions of economics
- •1. Add these words and expressions to your active vocabulary. They will help you to understand the text ‘Modern definitions of economics’.
- •2. Read and render the text: Modern definitions of economics
- •3. Build up your vocabulary:
- •4. Find the answers to the following questions in the text:
- •5. Find in the text and: a) give Russian equivalent to the following expressions and make up your own sentences with some of them:
- •6. Work with you partner, compile your own sentences with some of the following words and expressions and then read them to your partner to translate:
- •7. Give English equivalents to the following words and expressions from the text:
- •8. Analyze the forms of verb “to have” in the table below:
- •9. Analyze the forms of “there is/are” construction in the table below:
- •10. Ask the questions to the following statements, then answer them according to the models.
- •11. Read the text “My University” and say how many Institutes are there: My University
- •12. Build up your vocabulary:
- •17. Render into English:
- •Unit 3 History review
- •1. Add these words and expressions to your active vocabulary. They will help you to understand the text below.
- •2. Read and render the text; match each part to the headings bellow. Give a title to the text as a whole:
- •3. Find Russian equivalents to the following words and expressions in the text (paragraphs a – d):
- •4. Test yourself, match expressions on the left with their translations on the right:
- •5. Work with you partner, compile your own sentences with some of the following words and expressions and then read them to your partner to translate:
- •6. Find English equivalents to the following words and expressions in the text (paragraphs e – h):
- •7. Read the following terms and explain their meaning in English:
- •8. Review the Structure of English sentence. Analyze the table below:
- •9. Review the structure of the Interrogative sentences. What types of Interrogative sentences do you know?
- •10. Answer the questions. Write the numbers in full:
- •11. Read the text “My working day” and say: How many classes a day does Irina usually have? My working day
- •12. Build up your vocabulary:
- •13. Lets speak on: Answer the questions below and tell about your usual working day.
- •14. Surf the Internet: An unforgettable weekend in New York
- •16. Render into English:
Unit 2 Modern definitions of economics
1. Add these words and expressions to your active vocabulary. They will help you to understand the text ‘Modern definitions of economics’.
define – определять; definition – определение
inquiry – исследование, изучение; информационный запрос
enquire (=inquire) – исследовать, запрашивать, делать запрос
in particular – в особенности, в частности
objective – цель; стремление
provide – снабжать; доставлять; обеспечивать
revenue – доход; выручка
production – 1) производство; изготовление 2) продукция
distribution – распределение; распространение
consumption of wealth – потребление материальных ценностей
refer to – относиться к, ссылаться на
income – доход, приход, прибыль; заработок
current – 1) в обращении; 2) современный, текущий
relationship – отношение, взаимоотношение
impose – 1) облагать, налагать (налогом, сбором) (on/upon)
influence – влияние, влиять
market – рынок
treat – обращаться, обрабатывать
as well – также
such as – такой как
unemployment – безработица
assumption – предположение, допущение
approach – подход, принцип; метод
evolve – развиваться, эволюционировать
lack – недостаток, нужда; отсутствие (чего-л.)
cause – послужить причиной, поводом; заставлять добиваться
focus attention on – концентрировать внимание на
2. Read and render the text: Modern definitions of economics
There are a variety of modern definitions of economics. Some of the differences may reflect1 evolving views of the subject or different views among economists. The philosopher Adam Smith (1776) defined what was then called political economy as "an inquiry into the nature and causes of the wealth of nations2," in particular as a branch of the science3 of a statesman4 or legislator5 with the twofold6 objective of providing a plentiful7 revenue or subsistence10 for the people and to supply the state or commonwealth11 with a revenue for the public services24.
J.-B. Say (1803), distinguishing12 the subject from its public-policy uses, defines it as the science of production, distribution, and consumption of wealth. On the satirical side, Thomas Carlyle (1849) coined 'the dismal science'13 as an epithet for classical economics, in this context, commonly linked to the pessimistic analysis of Malthus (1798), although14 the original use15 referred to slavery16. John Stuart Mill (1844) defines the subject in a social context as the science which traces the laws17 of such of the phenomena19 of society as arise from the combined operations of mankind20 for the production of wealth, in so far as those phenomena19 are not modified by the pursuit21 of any other object.
Alfred Marshall provides a still widely-cited22 definition in his textbook Principles of Economics (1890) that extends8 analysis beyond wealth and from the societal23 to the microeconomic level: Economics is a study of man in the ordinary business of life. It enquires how he gets his income and how he uses it. Thus, it is on the one side, the study of wealth and on the other and more important side, a part of the study of man.
Lionel Robbins (1932) developed implications9 of what has been termed "perhaps the most commonly accepted25 current definition of the subject": Economics is a science which studies human behaviour as a relationship between ends and scarce means26 which have alternative27 uses. Robbins describes the definition as not classificatory in "picking out certain kinds of behaviour" but rather analytical in "focusing attention on a particular aspect of behaviour, the form imposed by the influence of scarcity28."
Some subsequent29 comments criticized the definition as overly broad in failing to limit its subject matter to analysis of markets. From the 1960s, however, such comments abated30 as the economic theory of maximizing behaviour and rational-choice31 modelling expanded the domain of the subject to areas previously32 treated in other fields. There are other criticisms as well, such as in scarcity28 not accounting for18 the macroeconomics of high unemployment.
Gary Becker, a contributor33 to the expansion of economics into new areas, describes the approach he favours as "combining the assumptions of maximizing behaviour, stable preferences, and market equilibrium34, used relentlessly35." One commentary characterizes the remark as making economics an approach rather than a subject matter but with great specificity as to the "choice process and the type of social interaction that such analysis involves." The same source reviews a range of definitions included in principles of economics textbooks36 and concludes that the lack of agreement need not affect the subject-matter37 that the texts treat. Among economists more generally, it argues that a particular definition presented may reflect1 the direction toward which the author believes economics is evolving, or should evolve.