- •Midterm Control 2 on the course of “Ecology and Sustainable Development”
- •Strategic priority areas in the work of the Center for scp (cscp).
- •Resource-and low-waste technologies.
- •Energy efficiency-low consumption in industry.
- •The role of the Kyoto Protocol in achieving sustainable energy use.
- •Ethical principles and standards of business and management of the organization.
- •Sustainability and social responsibility.
- •Corporate social responsibility. The benefits for business and society from implementing the principles of corporate social responsibility.
- •Civil society as an important component of sustainable development.
- •The concept of citizenship. Citizenship as an essential element of a democracy.
- •Democracy: principles and values.
- •Prospects for the development of civil society in Kazakhstan.
- •The Human Rights and sustainable human development.
- •Human rights and sustainable human development
- •The United Nations and human rights
- •Role of political parties and ngOs in building a civil society.
- •23. The concept of welfare and well-being.
- •24.Social indicators that reflect different aspects of well-being.
- •24.Social indicators that reflect different aspects of well-being.
- •Monetary income in the assessment of living standards of the population.
- •Quantitative characteristics of inequality: the Gini coefficient, Lorenz curves.
- •Inequality in the countries with transition economies and Kazakhstan.
- •Absolute and relative poverty.
- •Relative poverty
- •State and regional programs of Kazakhstan on poverty reduction.
Quantitative characteristics of inequality: the Gini coefficient, Lorenz curves.
The Gini coefficient is a measure of statistical dispersion most prominently used as a measure of inequality of income distribution or inequality of wealth distribution. It is defined as a ratio with values between 0 and 1: A low Gini coefficient indicates more equal income or wealth distribution, while a high Gini coefficient indicates more unequal distribution. 0 corresponds to perfect equality (everyone having exactly the same income) and 1 corresponds to perfect inequality (where one person has all the income, while everyone else has zero income). The Gini coefficient requires that no one have a negative net income or wealth. Worldwide, Gini coefficients range from approximately 0.232 in Denmark to 0.707 in Namibia.
The Lorenz curve is a graphical representation of the cumulative distribution function of a probability distribution; it is a graph showing the proportion of the distribution assumed by the bottom "y"% of the values. It is often used to represent income distribution, where it shows for the bottom "x"% of households, what percentage "y"% of the total income they have. The percentage of households is plotted on the "x"-axis, the percentage of income on the "y"-axis. It can also be used to show distribution of assets. In such use, many economists consider it to be a measure of social inequality. It was developed by Max O. Lorenz in 1905 for representing income distribution.
Inequality in the countries with transition economies and Kazakhstan.
Concepts of poverty. Causes of poverty.
31. "Poverty" defined as an economic condition of lacking both money and basic necessities needed to successfully live, such as food, water, education, healthcare, and shelter. Poverty has many causes, some of them very basic. Some experts suggest, for instance, that the world has too many people, too few jobs, and not enough food. But such basic causes are quite intractable and not easily eradicated. In most cases, the causes and effects of poverty interact, so that what makes people poor also creates conditions that keep them poor. Primary factors that may lead to poverty include overpopulation, the unequal distribution of resources in the world economy, inability to meet high standards of living and costs of living, inadequate education and employment opportunities, environmental degradation, certain economic and demographic trends, and welfare incentives. For further information of the each factor click on the link.
Absolute and relative poverty.
Absolute and relative poverty (Wikipedia)
Poverty is the state of one who lacks a certain amount of material possessions or money. Absolute poverty or destitution refers to the deprivation of basic human needs, which commonly includes food, water, sanitation, clothing, shelter, health care and education. Relative poverty is defined contextually as economic inequality in the location or society in which people live.
Absolute poverty
Poverty is usually measured as either absolute or relative (the latter being actually an index of income inequality). Absolute poverty refers to a set standard which is consistent over time and between countries.