Unit 12

• Ex. I. Scan through the text. Work in pairs to answer the questions that follow.

Terrorism.From the 1960s, international terrorist crimes, such as the hijacking of passenger aircraft, political assassinations and kidnappings, and urban bombings, constituted a growing phenomenon of increasing concern, especially to Western gov­ernments. Most terrorist groups are associated either with revo­lutionary movements (some Marxist organizations) or with na­tionalist movements. Three categories of terrorist crime may be distinguished, not in legal terms, but by intention. Foremost is the use of violence and the threat of violence to create public fear. This may be done by making random attacks to injure or kill anyone who happens to be in the vicinity when an attack takes place. Because such crimes deny, by virtue of their being directed at innocent bystanders, the unique worth of the indi­vidual, terrorism is said to be a form of crime that runs counter to all morality and so undermines the foundations of civiliza­tion. Another tactic generating fear is the abduction and assassi­nation of heads of state and members of governments in order to make others afraid of taking positions of leadership and so to spread a sense of insecurity. Persons in responsible positions may be abducted or assassinated on the grounds that they are “representatives” of some institution or system to which their assailants are opposed. A second category of terrorist crime is actual rule by terror. It is common practice for leaders of terror­ist organizations to enforce obedience and discipline by terroriz­ing their own members. A community whose collective inter­ests the terrorist organization claims to serve may be terrorized so that their cooperation, loyalty, and support are ensured. Groups that come to power by this means usually continue to rule by terror. Third, crimes are committed by terrorist organi­zations in order to gain the means for their own support. Bank robbery, kidnapping for ransom, extortion, gambling rake-offs (profit skimming), illegal arms dealing, and drug trafficking are among the principal crimes of this nature. In the Middle East, hostages are frequently sold as capital assets by one terrorist group to another.

Hijacking [’haid3aekit]] –воздушноепиратство; bombings ['bDmir]zl - бомбежки; constitute - составлять; foremost –напервомместе; random ['rsendam] –выбранныйнаугад; injure ['ind3a] - ранить; in the vicinity [vi'siniti] of –побли­зости; by virtue ['v3:tJu:] of –всилу; abduction [aeb'dAkJanl

• похищение; insecurity [insi’kjuariti] –отсутствиебезо­пасности; assailant [a'seilant] –субъектнападения; actual ['aektJиэ1] –фактическисуществующий; claim [kleim] - претендовать; ensure [in'Jиэ] - обеспечивать; ransom [’raenssm] - выкуп; extortion [iks'tDi/an] - вымогательство; rake-off - взятка; skim the cream off –сниматьсливки; hostage ['hDStid3l - заложник.

1) What constituted a growing phenomenon of increasing con­cern to Western governments? 2) What are most terrorist groups associated with? 3) What may be distinguished by intention?

What is the first category of terrorist crime? 5) What is the first tactic generating fear? 6) Why is terrorism said to be a form of crime that runs counter to all morality and undermines the foundations of civilization? 7) What is the second tactic generating fear? 8) What is the second category of terrorist crime? 9) What is common for leaders of terrorist organiza­tions? 10) What and how may be terrorized? 11) What is the third category of terrorist crime? 12) What are the principal crimes of this category?

• Ex. II. Agree or disagree with the following statements.

1.) Hijacking is the use of violence or threats to take control of a car. 2) To terrorize means to take someone away illegally, usu­ally by force, in order to get money for returning them. 3) Ter­rorist is someone who uses bribes to obtain political demands.

3. Terrorist uses violence to create public order. 5) The gov­ernment is determined to surrender to international terrorism.

9. Terrorism is directed at innocent onlookers. 7) Terrorism throws down the unique worth of the individual. 8) Terrorism runs counter to all immorality. 9) Terrorism strengthens the foundations of civilization. 10) Terrorism is the best medicine for fear. 11) Terrorism encourages ordinary people to take posi­tions of leadership. 12) Terrorism spreads a sense of security. 13) Terrorism cultivates obedience and discipline by terrorizing their own members. 14) To kidnap means to deliberately frighten people by threatening to harm them, especially so they will do what you want.

• Ex. III. Restore the word order in the following statements.

1) Hijacking the use of violence or threats is to take control of a plane. 2) To kidnap to take someone away means illegally, usu­ally by force, in order to get money for returning them. 3) Ter­rorist uses is someone who bombing or shooting to obtain po­litical demands. 4) Terrorist violence to create public fear uses.

3. The government is to combat international terrorism deter­mined. 6) Terrorism is at innocent bystanders directed. 7) Ter­rorism the unique worth of the individual denies. 8) Terrorism counter to all morality runs. 9) Terrorism the foundations of civilization undermines. 10) Terrorism fear generates. 11) Ter­rorism others afraid of taking positions of makes leadership.

• Terrorism a sense of insecurity spreads. 13) Terrorism obe­dience and discipline by terrorizing their enforces own mem­bers. 14) To terrorize to deliberately frighten people by threat­ening to harm them, means especially so they will do what you want.

• Ex. IV. Translate the following words and phrases from Russian into English.

Насилие; угроза; воздушное пиратство; взять под контроль; бомбежки; выбранный наугад; ранить; похищение; взять незаконно силой; отсутствие безопасности; субъект напа­дения; претендовать; обеспечивать; выкуп; вымогательст­во; взятка; заложник; насильно или обманом похитить; соз­дать страх в обществе; бороться против международного терроризма; невинный наблюдатель; отрицать; уникальная ценность личности; мораль; основы цивилизации; генери­ровать страх; распространять; принуждать к покорности; терроризировать; пугать людей; сдаваться.

I

• Ex. V. Complete the following statements.

1) Hijacking is ... 2) To kidnap means ... 3) Terrorist is ...

3. Terrorist uses ... 5) The government is determined to ...

9. Terrorism is directed at ... 7) Terrorism denies ... 8) Terror­ism runs ... 9) Terrorism undermines ... 10) Terrorism gener­ates ... 11) Terrorism makes ... 12) Terrorism spreads ...

• Terrorism enforces ... 14) To terrorize means ...

• Ex. VI. Choose one topic to speak about terrorism: a) its first cate­gory; b) its second category; c) its third category. Retell the text Terrorism.

CHAPTER III