16. Prospects for the development of civil society in Kazakhstan.

Prospects for the development of civil society in Kazakhstan.

The importance of changing the psychology of average citizens and officials, in order to shift the political culture away from the collective mentality of the communist era toward a more personal sense of responsibility for governance. Few young people in KZ have internalized a concept of active citizenship. The need to educate youth to democratic values through the short courses or revised curricula in the university system. Political and economic stability in kz is unparalleled in the central asian republics. The constitutional reforms of 2007strenthened the powers of the majilis and the local maslikhats, shifting the country towards a presidential-parliamentary system while promoting greater local autonomy. Economic growth rates have averaged over 10% per year since 2000 and abundance of natural resources, particularly oil and natural gas. High education levels and considerable human capital. Women play a major role in NGOs and are comparatively well-represented in politics, business and education. Kz has been an active participant in global society. The country will obtain OSCE leadership in 2010 and gives statements to building democracy.

17. The value of public sector in political decisions aimed at sustainable development. The value of public sector in political decisions aimed at sustainable development.

There are five aspects to sustainable human development - all affecting the lives of the poor and vulnerable: Empowerment - The expansion of men and women's capabilities and choices increases their ability to exercise those choices free of hunger, want and deprivation. It also increases their opportunity to participate in, or endorse, decision-making affecting their lives.

Co-operation - With a sense of belonging important for personal fulfillment, well-being and a sense of purpose and meaning, human development is concerned with the ways in which people work together and interact. Equity - The expansion of capabilities and opportunities means more than income - it also means equity, such as an educational system to which everybody should have access. Sustainability - The needs of this generation must be met without compromising the right of future generations to be free of poverty and deprivation and to exercise their basic capabilities. Security - Particularly the security of livelihood. People need to be freed from threats, such as disease or repression and from sudden harmful disruptions in their lives.

18. Human rights as the supreme human value. The purpose of creation of the United Nations. 18.Human rights are based on respect for the dignity and worth of all human beings and seek to ensure freedom from fear and want. Rooted in ethical principles (and usually inscribed in a country's constitutional and legal framework), human rights are essential to the well-being of every man, woman and child. Premised on fundamental and inviolable standards, they are universal and inalienable. (Это можете написать, если нужно больше писанины:Sustainable human development seeks to expand choices for all people-women, men and children, current and future generations-while protecting the natural systems on which all life depends. Moving away from a narrow, economy-centered approach to development, sustainable human development places people at the core, and views humans as both a means and an end of development. Thus sustainable human development aims to eliminate poverty, promote human dignity and rights, and provide equitable opportunities for all through good governance, thereby promoting the realization of all human rights-economic, social, cultural, civil and political. The promotion of human rights is of particular relevance in the context of globalization and its potential for excluding and marginalizing weak members of the international community and people with limited resources. Human rights afford protection against such exclusion and marginalization. Human rights and sustainable human development are interdependent and mutually reinforcing. Development is unsustainable where the rule of law and equity do not exist; where ethnic, religious or sexual discrimination are rampant; where there are restrictions on free speech, free association and the media; or where large numbers of people live in abject and degrading poverty. Similarly, human rights are enhanced when gender equity or poverty reduction programmes empower people.) The United Nations and human rights Along with international peace, security and development, human rights are integral to the mandate and programme of the UN. Under the UN Charter the international community recognizes that all human beings have equal, inalienable rights. The preamble of the Charter states that (among other things) the UN was formed: to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women; . . . to establish conditions under which justice and respect for the obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be maintained; and to promote social progress and better standards of life in larger freedom.

19. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights as the basis for the concept of SD. Sustainable human development (SHD) aims at expanding the choices for all people --women and men, present and future generations - while protecting the natural systems on which all life depends. SHD is human-centered, placing people at the center of development and viewing human beings as both means and end of development. Human rights and SHD are both human-centered. They are also interdependent and mutually reinforcing. Development efforts are unsustainable where the rule of law and equity do not exist; where ethnic, religious or sexual discrimination are rampant; where there are restrictions on free speech, association and the media; or where large numbers of people continue to live in conditions of abject and degrading poverty. Similarly, human rights are greatly enhanced when gender equity or poverty reduction programs empower people to become aware of and claim their rights. Both SHD and human rights will be undone in an environment that is not free of repression, threat or disease; and each will be better able to promote human choices in a peaceful and democratic environment. This interdependence between human rights and development is recognized by the Declaration on the Right to Development, as well as by many of the UN World Conferences that have been held throughout the 1990s.

20. The Human Rights and sustainable human development.

21. The legislation of Kazakhstan on Human Rights – reflection of the standards of international laws.

22. Role of political parties and NGOs in building a civil society.

23. The concept of welfare and well-being.

The word "welfare" has two very different meanings in economics. The most familiar meaning to the general public is that it refers to a collection of government programs such as food stamps and Medicare, usually intended to help the poor.

However, economists more often use the word "welfare" in a very different sense--as a synonym for wellbeing. Welfare or wellbeing refer to an overall condition, emphasizing happiness and contentment, though also including one's standard of living in financial or material ways. Welfare in this sense more commonly refers to the condition of an entire country or economy, which is sometimes emphasized by using the phrase "social welfare." Welfare in the sense of wellbeing turns out to be an easier concept to imagine than to analyze carefully. It is even harder to measure.

Economists have always recognized that not all happiness derives from being financially well off. We all know that being wealthy is not the same as being happy. However, it is rather hard to quantify happiness and even harder to aggregate happiness across people because people generally have a variety of tastes. Consequently, over the years economists have invented some specialized technical names for happiness, including utility, satisfaction, preferences, tastes, indifference curves, wellbeing, and welfare.