- •31)Historical meaning of the Taaukel-khan’s activities in expansion of the territory and strengthening external relations of the Kazakh Khanate
- •33) Traditional economy of nomads.
- •37) “Aktabaghan shubyryndy”. Liberation movement of the Kazakh people against the Zhungars
- •38) “Aktabaghan shubyryndy”. Liberation movement of the Kazakh people against the Zhungars
- •46) Anti-colonial struggle of the Kazakhs led by Esset Kotibarov.
- •50) Kazakh enlightenment. Pedagogy activity of I. Altynsarin
- •52) Peasants colonization of the territory of Kazakhstan. Stolypin reforms and their goals (second half of XIX – beginning of XX cc)
- •56) First Kazakh national party of Alash: program, goals, political activities and the role in restoration of the national consciousness
- •58) October Revolution in Kazakhstan: myths and historical reality
- •61) Transfer from social-economic and political crisis of ‘military communism’
- •62) Stalin’s industrialization of Kazakhstan: nature, goals and results
- •64) Soviet cultural modernization (20-40s of the XX c)
- •65) Mass political repressions.
- •70) Inertia of Stalinist regime in post-war period. Case of e. Bekmakhanov.
- •72) Development of virgin lands: economic, ecological and social consequences
- •73) Acceleration of crisis of soviet social and political system (1960-1985)
- •78) Kazakhstan as a zone of ecological crisis (1949-1989). Semipalatinsk nuclear testing place, problems of Aral and Balkhash
- •83) Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan 1993, 1995. Formation of new Kazakh statehood (constitutional reform of 2007)
37) “Aktabaghan shubyryndy”. Liberation movement of the Kazakh people against the Zhungars
In the beginning of 17th century there were fierce wars between two great states – Zhungar Khanate and Kazakh Khanate. In 1635 Zhungar state appeared on the territory of Tan-Shan and Altay. The main aim of zhungar invasionы was the colonisation of Kazakh territory. The main privilege which they had was the presence of artillery. For the war agaist Kazakhs they bought equipment and guns from Russian armourers.
In the beginning of 18th century the ruler of Zhungar Khanate was Batur. During his rule there were three main fights between two Khanates: 1635, 1643, 1653 in which Kazakh gained a victory.
In 1710 the first Kazakh kurultai was gathered for the united force against zhungars. Bogenbai batyr was elected to lead Kazakhs in fights with zhungars. Due to the death of Tauke –khan and isolation of three zhuzs the situation in Kazakh Khanate was stressful. In 1718 kazakh nation defeated in the fight near to Ayaguz, due to piecemeal actions of Kazakh sultans.
The 1723-1727 years are known as “The years of Great Disaster” or “Aktabaghan shubyryndy”. The reasons for the defeats from zhungars are related to the absence of political unity in the Khanate. This period is known as the period of most severe and devastating invasions of zhungars on the territory of Kazakh Khanate. Turkistan and Tashkent were captured and ruined. The economy and trade went down. These years brought suffering, hunger, destruction of property, caused irreparable damage to the development of productive forces: thousands of men, women and children were herded into captivity.
In the organisation of liberation movement of the Kazakh people against the Zhungars khan Abulkhair played a significant role. He lead the united force of all three Kazakh zhuzs. In the following battles Kazakh army was organized and dispersed by three zhuzs. This brought them several wins in fights with zhungars. The first big victory which they had was in 1726 in which zhungars were fully defeated by Kazakhs near the river Bulanty. Continuing with this win Kazakh people in 1729 had the greatest victory in Anrakai battle. After this fight most of the territory of Middle and Youngest Zhuz were liberated. United army of Kazakhs had been the reason for this victory. However there were still disputes among Kazakh sultans and soon there was another one invasion of Galdan-Caren (ruler of Zhungar Khanate) on the territory of Kazakhstan in 1741-1742, which had consequences not smaller than during “Aktabaghan shubyryndy”.
Zhungars threaten not only Kazakhs but also Russia. Russian Empire built several fortresses along upper Irtysh to protect its territory. However the main threat for zhungars remained Kazakhs. After the death of Galdan-Caren in 1745 there was political instability in Zhungar Khanate after which it was crushed by China and in 1761 was turned into Sindzan – part of Ch'ing empire.
In the period of Kazakh-Zhungar wars the necessity to protect the territory lead to the emergence of the Kazakh-Russian strong relationships.