- •12) State Oğuz.
- •31)Historical meaning of the Taaukel-khan’s activities in expansion of the territory and strengthening external relations of the Kazakh Khanate
- •37) “Aktabaghan shubyryndy”. Liberation movement of the Kazakh people against the Zhungars
- •46) Anti-colonial struggle of the Kazakhs led by Esset Kotibarov.
- •50) Kazakh enlightenment. Pedagogy activity of I. Altynsarin
- •52) Peasants colonization of the territory of Kazakhstan. Stolypin reforms and their goals (second half of XIX – beginning of XX cc)
- •56) First Kazakh national party of Alash: program, goals, political activities and the role in restoration of the national consciousness
- •58) October Revolution in Kazakhstan: myths and historical reality
- •61) Transfer from social-economic and political crisis of ‘military communism’
- •62) Stalin’s industrialization of Kazakhstan: nature, goals and results
- •64) Soviet cultural modernization (20-40s of the XX c)
- •65) Mass political repressions.
- •70) Inertia of Stalinist regime in post-war period. Case of e. Bekmakhanov.
- •72) Development of virgin lands: economic, ecological and social consequences
- •73) Acceleration of crisis of soviet social and political system (1960-1985)
- •78) Kazakhstan as a zone of ecological crisis (1949-1989). Semipalatinsk nuclear testing place, problems of Aral and Balkhash
- •83) Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan 1993, 1995. Formation of new Kazakh statehood (constitutional reform of 2007)
56) First Kazakh national party of Alash: program, goals, political activities and the role in restoration of the national consciousness
National Patriotic Party "Alash" is the first political party in Kazakhstan, stated as national-patriotic party. 21-28 July 1917 in Orenburg the First Kazakh Congress, which was attended by delegates from Akmola, Semipalatinsk, Uralsk, Semirechensk, Ferghana provinces and Bukeyev Khanate. Congress, presided over by elected H. Dosmukhamedov, reviewed 14 issues, including: a form of government, the autonomy of the Kazakh fields, the land question, education, court, religion, etc. At this congress it was decided to create a Kazakh National Party “Alash”. In December 1917 there was established the autonomous Kazakh government by the liberal-nationalist and by a group of moderate, upper-class Kazakh nationalists. “Alash” party – Alash Orda.
Among others authors, there were Ali Khan Bukeykhanov, Ahmed Baytursun, Mir Yakub Dulatov, Oldes Omerov, Magzhan Zhumabayev, H. Dosmohammedov, Mohammedzhan Tynyshbayev, and Abdul Hamid Zhuzhdybayev. Initially, the party's program resembled that of the Russian Constitutional-Democrats (Kadets), but with a strong admixture of Russian Menshevik (Social Democrat) and Socialist-Revolutionary (SR) ideas. Despite later Soviet charges, it was relatively progressive on social issues and demanded the creation of an autonomous Kazakh region. This program was propagated in the newspaper Qazaq (Kazakh), published in Orenburg. The paper had a circulation of about eight thousand until it was closed by the Communists in March 1918. Newspaper’s slogan was "Turkism is our body, Islam is our spirit."
After March 1917, Alash Orda's leaders dominated Kazakh politics. They convened a Second All-Kirgiz (Kazakh) Congress in Orenburg from December 18 through December 26, 1917. On December 23, this congress proclaimed the autonomy of the Kazakh steppes under two Alash Orda governments. One, centered at the village of Zhambeitu and encompassing the western region, was headed by Dosmohammedov. The second, headed by Ali Khan Bukeykhanov, governed the eastern region from Semipalatinsk. Both began as strongly anti-Communist and supported the anti-Soviet forces that were rallying around the Russian Constituent Assembly (Komuch): the Orenburg Cossacks and the Bashkirs of Zeki Velidi Togan. In time, however, the harsh minority policies of Siberia's White Russian leader, Admiral Alexander Vasilievich Kolchak, alienated the Kazakh leaders. Alash Orda's leaders then sought to achieve their goals by an alignment with Moscow. Accepting Mikhail Vasilievich Frunze's November 1919 promise of amnesty, most Kazakh leaders recognized Soviet power on December 10, 1919. After further negotiations, the Kirgiz Revolutionary Committee (Revkom) formally abolished Alash Orda's institutional network in March 1920. Many Alash leaders then joined the Communist Party and worked for Soviet Kazakhstan, only to perish during Stalin's purges of the 1930s. After 1990 the name "Alash" reappeared, but as the title of a small Kazakh pan-Turkic and Pan-Islamic party and its journal.
57) Government of "Alash-Orda": formation, program, political activities and ideas of national statehood
On the 5-13 of December in 1917 the 2nd panto-Kazakh congress took place in Orenburg. M.Chokay spoke at the congress. The resolutions of the congress were:
- form a territorial-national autonomy of the kazakh-kyrgyz regions and name it “Alash”
- the constitution of the Alash autonomy is approved by the panto-Russian Constituent Assembly
- all citizens of the autonomy have equal rights.
- organize a Temporary National Soviet “Alash Orda”, which would consist of 25 members and 10 of them would be Russian or any other nationality.
- Alash Orda would be situated in Semipalatinsk city.
- the chairman of Alash Orda would be A. Bukeikhanov.
- “Kazakh” was the official newspaper of “Alash Orda”
On the 21st of November in 1917 the “Alash” party’s program project in the spheres of government construction, defense, religion, science and enlightment was published in the “Kazakh” newspaper. The main political idea of the “Alash Orda’s” party program was to form a territorial-national autonomy that would be a part of the Russian Republic.
On the turning point of history the “Alash Orda” program suggested a new way of developing of the Kazakh nation. Besides, it helped to end the bourgeois-democratic, national liberation movement.