52) Peasants colonization of the territory of Kazakhstan. Stolypin reforms and their goals (second half of XIX – beginning of XX cc)

The completion of the accession of Kazakhstan to Russia in the end of 19th century coincided with the reforms in Russia itself. The abolition of serfdom in 1861, measures aimed at the development of capitalist relations could not do not have an effect on Kazakhstan. The process of colonization intensified, tsars government decided to develop administration in Kazakhstan close to Russia’s one. The main objective of the reform was "to merge Kirghiz steppes with other parts of Russia."

The main reason for reform is an intense colonization of Kazakh lands, development of rich sources of raw materials and markets. For the preparation of reforms in 1865 there was formed special Steppe Commission, comprising representatives of the Ministry of Interior, the Ministry of War, the local representatives.

In the years 1865-1866, a draft management Kazakh steppe was established: in July 11, 1867 was adopted "Regulations on the Management of Semirechensk and Syr Darya regions", and in October 21, 1868 "Interim Regulations on the management of the steppe regions of Orenburg and the West Siberian Governor-Generalship."

Regulations of 1867-1868 years were considered to be "temporary" because the tsarist government wanted them to last over two years. However, they met strong resistance from the local population and therefore, this process lasted for 20 years.

The most severe consequence of land reform was the announcement of Kazakhstan state property of the Russian Empire. The territorial principle of administrative unit violated the traditional land use.

The development of capitalism in agriculture in Kazakhstan adversely affected the nomadic herding of Kazakhs. The new wave of peasants colonisation of the territory of Kazakhstan appeared in the beginning of 20th century. In 1904 there was formed Resettlement Department, in charge of all affairs of the resettlement of peasants from central Russia to the outskirts. One of the main tasks of the first Russian revolution was the solution of the agrarian problem in the country. After the defeat of the revolution Tsarism aimed to resolve this issue through reforms, i.e., retaining the power and land in the hands of the landlords, to eliminate the causes of the crisis in the agrarian relations.

The author of the reform of the agrarian question was the minister of Agricultural Sector in tsarist government PA Stolypin. The reform was aimed at the destruction of rural communities and the formation of social stratum of owners in the village. Stolypin's reform abolished the obshchina system and replaced it with a capitalist-oriented form highlighting private ownership and consolidated modern farmsteads. However, while maintaining the reform there appeared the question of new lands for the peasants. In this regard, a new phase of the resettlement of Russian and Ukrainian peasants to the land of Kazakhstan began. At the beginning of 20th century, the resettlement of peasants from the interior provinces of Tsarist Russia in the Kazakh steppe had a large scale. Because of agrar policy of tsarism during the period of 1853-1907 the Kazakhs were taken away 17 mln acres of land.

53) First Russian revolution of 1905 and connected with it events in Kazakhstan

The reason for the revolution in the Russian Empire was the “bloody Sunday” on the January, 9th, 1905 in St. Petersburg. When the news about it reached Kazakhstan, workers of Turkestan, Perovsk, Shalkar made an act of objection. Uprisings took place in Verniy and Kostanay in May, 1905. In summer 1905 the protests of Kazakh people took more organized and political character. The Kazakh national intelligentsia headed people; their indisputable leader was Alikhan Bokeyhanov. He participated in Karkaralinskiy movement in summer 1905, when 14500 people from different volost gathered together on Koyandinskaya fair and wrote the petition to Tsar about the immediate solution of the agrarian problems and rusification in the sphere of spiritual culture. Kazakh workers supported the Russian uprising in October, stachechnie committees were created in Uspenskiy rudnik, Uralsk, Kostanay, Perovsk and Verniy. Political stachki: 18-19 October – Orenburg, 25 October – Omsk, 16-28 November post-telegraph workers in Semipalatinsk. Soldiers also joined the movement. The biggest uprising of Kazakh workers(265) was the strike on the Uspenskiy Rudnik headed by the “Russian-Kyrgyz union against capital ”. supported by Karaganda, the uprising had 360 people. On the 6.12.1905 workers made a petition about the increasing of wages, improvement of the working and living conditions. 10.12. some of the requirements were fulfilled, but 22.12 the stachka was suppressed and the organizers arrested. Later the movement took more political character, requiring the overthrow of the monarchy. The relovolutional events lasted about 2,5 years. According to the Manifest (17.10.1905) the Gos. Duma was created which had 9 deputats from Kazakhstan. However, it was dissolved because of the strong inagreements about the agrarial question. The II Duma was made in 20.02.1907 with 13 people from KZ. The drop of the revolution let tsar dissolve the Duma. This meant the defeat of the revolution.

54) Anti-colonial movement of 1916: centers of rebellion, scale, leaders

** The 1st World War created the great deficit of resources, both human and material. The economy of Kz was harmed, taxes rose in 3,4 or even 15 times. The special military tax was imposed. Apart from taxes special “voluntary donations” of livestock and yurtas were taken from people. Many voolosts refused to pay the “donations” and therefore had conflicts with local administration. In 1915 rose the question about the direct participation of Kazakh people in the war. 25.06.1916 the law about the “requisition” of the men from 18 to 43 years to the creation of the defense and to the rear was made. Overall, about 390,000 people had to be mobilized. People tried to struggle against the mobilization by destroying the lists. One of the biggest centers of the uprising was Zhetisu, which then covered the whole KZ. The special punishing detachments with artillery and machine guns were sent. September 1916 armed clash in Lepsinskiy Uezd and Kopalskiy Uezd. In October 1916 the uprising inZhetisu was suppressed. Kazakh auls were destroyed, Kazakh people were killed.300000 kazakhs and kyrgyzs ran to China and Kashgaria. September-October 1916 armed clashes occurred in Zaisanskiy, Ust-Kamenogorskiy, Karkaralinskiy, Akmolinskiy and Atbasarskiy uezds. The uprising covered the whole Steppe.

***25 Jun 1916 published a decree by which all non ¬ Russian male population aged 18-43 years should have been «requisitioned» to work on the creation of defensive MEO ¬ ruzheny in the area of the army in the field and at the rear of work. Overall, according to preliminary calculations, must be mobilized 390 thousand. / / This decree set the Kazakh steppe in the extremely difficult position ¬ ment. Mobilization was carried out during the harvest season and under ¬ preparing livestock for transport to the winter pastures, senozagotovki. When ¬ zyv entire male population of working to undermine the economic base ¬ tions Kazakh economy, already shattered pos ¬ toyannymi exemptions of lands to settlers. In fact remain ¬ shiesya Kazakhs condemned to starvation in the winter of 1916-1917 gg.Prizyv Kazakhs to rear of work led to the beginning of a powerful uprising of Kazakhs and other peoples of Central Asia against Russian colonialism. Scared scale uprising tsars ¬ tions of power on 20 July announced the postponement of the appeal before the harvest, and July 30 - a postponement until September 15, 1916. Extinguish the flames, however, anti-Kazakh uprising failed. In September of 1916. have been fighting rebels of the king's troops in Lepsinskom county. The rebels were active offensive actions. Poorly organized and worse armed rebel troops suffered a defeat. In late September, rebels clashed with the imperial troops in Kopalskom county. Near the River. Vezhi rebels have effaceurs last fight, then retreated to the mountains. The troops decided not to pursue them. By October 1916. Rebellion in Zhetysu was suppressed. Royal effaceurs cruelly killed not only the insurgency but also of civilians. Dozens of Kazakh and Kyrgyz auls were destroyed, many Kazakhs and Kyrgyz people were killed. Pursued by imperial troops, more than 300 thousand Kazakhs and Kyrgyz people displaced and fled into China, Kuldzhinsky edge and Kashgar. Sentenced to death 347 people, hard labor - 578, to imprisonment -129 people, not counting the shot without trial and investigation of deaths at the hands of effaceurs and kulatskih otryadov.V September-October 1916. Armed clashes with effaceurs occurred in Zaysanskom, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Karkaraly, Akmola and Atbasarskom counties. Rebels Pavlodar district from 21 September to 3 October, fought with the punitive squad in the tract Alabas. Battles were also reported in the tract of Kara-fever, in Akmola county and elsewhere. The uprising spread throughout the steppe

55) February revolution of 1917 in Russia and its significance for democratization of social and political life of Kazakhstan

*The February Revolution (Russian: Февральская революция) of 1917 was the first of two revolutions in Russia in 1917. It occurred March 8–12 (February 23–27 Old Style) and its immediate result was the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II, the collapse of Imperial Russia and the end of the Romanov dynasty. The non-Communist Russian Provisional Government under Prince Georgy Lvov replaced the Tsar. After the July Days, Lvov was succeeded by Alexander Kerensky. The Provisional Government was an alliance between liberals and socialists who wanted to instigate political reform, creating a democratically-elected executive and constituent assembly.

This revolution appeared to break out spontaneously, without any real leadership or formal planning. The tensions that had built up for so long finally exploded into a revolution, and the western city of Petrograd (called Saint Petersburg prior to the First World War) became the focal point of activity.

The February Revolution was followed in the same year by the October Revolution, bringing Bolshevik rule and a change in Russia's social structure, and paving the way for the USSR. The two revolutions constituted a change in the composition of the country: the first overthrew the Tsar, and the second instituted a new form of government.

27.12.1917 in Russia the February Revolution was made, the monarchy fell. Kazakh people greeted this event as the result of their long-lasted struggle. There was the situation of double authority in Russia: Temporal Government (liberal-bourgeois) and Soviets (revolution-democratical). In March-April the Sovety of workers and soldiers were created everywhere in Kazakhstan. A.Bokeykhanov, A.Baytursinov entered the Turkestan committee of Temporal Government. 7.03.1917 A. Zhangildin made a report about the horrors of the punishing expedition and the Soviet made a decision to call it back.After the February revolutuion different movements started. “The Union of the workers” – Verniy – Babaev. “Russian-muslim soldier organisation” – Ayaguz. “Alash” – A. Bokeykhanov. “The Union of muslims” – M. Shokay. “The revoluitonal union fo Kazakh Youth” – Zhambil. “Zhas kazakh” – Akmolinsk – A. Asylbekov, S.Seyfullin. After the Revolution the profsoyuzi were created in Uralsk, Petropavlsk, Semsk, Aktobe.