46) Anti-colonial struggle of the Kazakhs led by Esset Kotibarov.

In 1847 – 1858 years Eset batyr led a revolt of Kazakhs against the Russian administration. Tsar's administration sent two Cossack detachments and 200 Kazakhs controlled by Sultan Taukin and Major Mikhailov from the Ural division. Also, 600 Kazakhs were sent under the leadership of Elekey Kasymov by the Tsar administration. Eset batyr sent 800 people against Russian troops who were destroyed by people of Eset Batyr. In 1854–1858 years, there was uprising of Kazakhs living in Aral region, due to high taxes of the Tsar administration. At that time, extortion or taxes carried out by camels. For instance, the military campaign of Perovskii in 1853 to conquer city of Akmeshit in Kazakhstan required almost 8 thousand camels. Kazakhs organized an uprising and moved to the territory of the Emba river. The rebels put a number of demands: removal of tax for households, termination of sending of punitive detachments to the Kazakh steppe, allowing usage of pastures and the possibility to move on the banks of rivers Zhem, Mugadzhar, Elek, Kobda, Zhayyk. V.A Perovskiy organized a punitive detachment and sent Baron Wrangel with a large army to suppress the uprisings. Eset Batyr agreed with Baron Wrangel, but the war did not stop and subsequently Eset batyr continued military actions against the military colonial posts and Cossack troops. The newly created punitive detachment under the leadership of Sultan Arslan Zhantorin was defeated by the army of Eset Batyr. Sultan Arslan Zhantorin was killed.

The suppression of the uprising was accompanied by mass killings of civilian population. Many rebels were executed while others were sent to jail such as Batyr Becket Serkebaeyev. In 1858 uprising was totally suppressed. The Russian Government understood that it would be unsuccessful to continue using force against Eset Batyr and Governor-General Katenin offered peace to Eset Batyr promising to comply with the demands of rebellions. Eset Batyr and the Russian administration reached a peace deal.

47) Inclusion of the territory of Kazakhstan into the political-administrative system of the Russian empire (reforms of the 60-90-s of XIX c)

In the second half of XIX century Kazakhstan became the Russian colony by the full amount, thus the Russian administration tried to bring in their system of management. Thus because of developing capitalist economy of Russian empire old management system was became not eligible. Thus Russia engages in 1867-1868 administrative reform. In 11 July of 1867 Russian tsar Alexander II signs order about administration of Semirechye and Syrdarya oblast, and in 21 October of 1868 he signs order about administration of Uralsk, Turgay, Akmola and Semipalatnsk oblasts. Under 1867-68 changes all territory of Kazakhstan was divided into three general provinces: Turkestan, West-Siberia and Orenburg. Each province consisted of two oblasts: Turkestan of Semirechye and Syrdarya, West-Siberia of Akmola and Semipalatinsk, Orenburg of Uralsk and Turgay. Each oblast consisted of different uezds. Thus new 5 step system was formed: general province=>oblast=>uezd=>volost=>aul. After that Russian administration engaged in administrative reforms of 1886-1891. On 2 June of 1886 order about administration of Turkestan was signed. On 25 March of 1891 order about administration of Akmola, Semipalatinsk, Semirechye, Uralsk and Turgay oblasts was signed. By this reform three oblasts were formed in Tukestan: Syrdarya, Fergana and Samarkand with center in Tashkent. Akmola, Semipalatinsk and Semirechye were tied to Steppe general province with center in Omsk. General governors (rulers of provinces) had unlimited power and all territory was declared as property of Russian Empire. By these reforms of 1860-1890 years Russian administration destroyed traditional management system and by receiving unlimited power over all population, increased colonial oppression on Kazakhstan. On the other hand these reforms created new conditions for agriculture and trade between Kazakh and Russians. It also increased level of literacy among people.

48) Cultural dynamics of Kazakhstan in XIX c: specific features, process and outstanding representatives

In the 19th century culture in Kazakhstan was developing rapidly. The most vital representatives were Sherniyaz zharylgasuly and Suyunbaev Aronuly.

Sherniyaz Zharylgasuly at early age began to write poetry, beautifully sung, was a good speaker. In 1836 arrived in Bukeyev Khanate became a close friend Isatai Taimanov. After the defeat of the uprising, he wrote several poems in dedication to Isatay and Makhambet, praised their heroism and courage.

Suyunbaev Aronuly was very resourceful and eloquent akyns, making it the most popular among the Kazakh and Kyrgyz populations of Zhetysu. In competition with Kantarbaev and Sultan Tezek, he extoled the public defenders, raised social issues, condemned the unjust actions of rulers. His poetic language was lively and imaginative. Suyunbai had many disciples, followers, who continued his tradition. Among them the most talented and famous was Zhambyl Zhabaev.

Makhambet Utemisuly was a Zhangir Khan son’s Zulkarnain teacher. In 1829, for participation in the peasant uprisings Otemisuly was put in prison, where he stayed for about 2 years. In 1836 - 1837 the poet took an active part in the peasant uprising led by Isatai Taimanov. After the uprising Makhambet was hiding. In his poems he admired the nature of their land, extolled the great native steppe, grasslands, lakes. He condemned the rulers robbing and degrading people. The song-tolgau, inculpating cruel and cunning sultan Baimagambetov, there is a line: "You crafty wolf, not Khan!". This song caused a bitter hatred of the Sultan, the ruler of Makhambet. The feudal nobility, which was close to the Sultan, the ruler Ayshuaku, decided to settle accounts with the akyn. In October 1846 Makhambet was killed.

Generally in the traditional culture and social public life of the Kazakh people important function performed the musical art, which had its roots in ancient times. This reflected a variety of schools and the direction of music and performing arts, there were multifunctional musical instruments: dombra, kobyz, sazgen, shankobyz, tastauyk etc. Kobyz and asatayak were widely practiced in the performance of rituals by shamans. Kazakhstan has been known for the names of outstanding musicians of the first half of 19th century, whose work and performance skills were far beyond their homeland: Jantore, Bogda, Orynbay, Yesim, Sholak. Seri Bahramuly distinguished by his creativity from other composers-singers.

49) Academic study of Kazakhstan in XIX c.: research of history and life of the Kazakh people. Scientific heritage of Ch. Valikhanov

By the mid-19 th century, the process of inclusion of the territory of Kazakhstan in the border of the Russian Empire. This determined focus of Russian authorities to the territory of Kazakhstan. Dozens of prominent Russian scientists came to the region for the study of its geography, history, economy, mineral resources, mapping terrain. Their research have made a great contribution to the development of various sciences, created a clear picture of the region, helped to deepen the Kazakh-Russian relations.

P.P. Semenov-Tian-Shansky- traveler, a scholar of international renown, the head of the Russian Geographical Society. Thoroughly researched Central Tien Shan, twice traveled to the Altai, Semireche and Central Asia. He studied geography, natural resources, history and life of the Kazakhs.

N.A.Severtsev-talented geographer of Russia, organized 7 expeditions of the Kazakh region and Central Asia, explored the Aral-Caspian lowland ridges, Mugodzhar, Ustyurt Plateau, Trans-Ili Alatau and the regions, brought together a large collection of fauna, flora, geological material.

I. Mushketov - Russian geographer and explorer. The result of his activities was the major work entitled "Turkestan", where is given geological and geographical description of the southern regions of Kazakhstan.

V.V.Radlov-known orientalist. He learned the language, customs, rituals, history and folklore of the peoples of the Altai Territory and the Northern regions of Kazakhstan. For a long time, he researched all the Semireche, made historical and geographical description of the Ili Valley, gathered a rich collection of samples of oral folklore and published them in a series of "Examples of folk literature of Turkic tribes", part of which is devoted kazazskomu Folklore.

Shokan Ualikhanov- outstanding Kazakh scientist, educator, democrat. In 1855 Ualikhanov took part in the expedition of General Gasfort, traveled to central Kazakhstan, Semirechye and Tarbagatai. During this trip he collected material on statistics, customary law and the ancient religion of the Kazakhs, wrote stories, songs and legends. Back in Omsk, he handled the material collected on the basis of which were compiled notes on the traditional land use, family and tribal relations. Ualikhanov in 1856 was included in the military and scientific expedition whose purpose was to familiarize with zhizyu and life of the Kyrgyz people and the shooting of the Issyk-Kul. Directed expedition Colonel Khomentovskii. Based on materials of the expedition Ualikhanov were written travel essays, "The Diary of trip to Issyk-Kul and notes on the Kirghiz. The first recorded passage of the Kyrgyz epic "Manas". At the same period was an acquaintance of his with Tyan_Shanskii Semyonov, who praised the material collected and subsequently assisted him constantly. In 1858-1859 Shokan the first time since Marco Polo visited Kashgar, where he assembled a unique historical, ethnographic material: ancient manuscripts, old letters, examples of decorative and applied arts, art pottery, as well as the numismatic collection, herbarium, and brought rock samples. As a result of this expedition was set up work on the state Altynshara or six cities in the eastern Chinese province of Nan-Lu. This work was highly appreciated by scientists. The most famous works of Ualikhanov on the history and ethnography of the Kazakh people: "Ablai", "The Kyrgyz generations", "Shun-Batyr," Note on judicial reform” , “About Islam in the steps”, etc.