37) “Aktabaghan shubyryndy”. Liberation movement of the Kazakh people against the Zhungars

In the beginning of 17th century there were fierce wars between two great states – Zhungar Khanate and Kazakh Khanate. In 1635 Zhungar state appeared on the territory of Tan-Shan and Altay. The main aim of zhungar invasionы was the colonisation of Kazakh territory. The main privilege which they had was the presence of artillery. For the war agaist Kazakhs they bought equipment and guns from Russian armourers.

In the beginning of 18th century the ruler of Zhungar Khanate was Batur. During his rule there were three main fights between two Khanates: 1635, 1643, 1653 in which Kazakh gained a victory.

In 1710 the first Kazakh kurultai was gathered for the united force against zhungars. Bogenbai batyr was elected to lead Kazakhs in fights with zhungars. Due to the death of Tauke –khan and isolation of three zhuzs the situation in Kazakh Khanate was stressful. In 1718 kazakh nation defeated in the fight near to Ayaguz, due to piecemeal actions of Kazakh sultans.

The 1723-1727 years are known as “The years of Great Disaster” or “Aktabaghan shubyryndy”. The reasons for the defeats from zhungars are related to the absence of political unity in the Khanate. This period is known as the period of most severe and devastating invasions of zhungars on the territory of Kazakh Khanate. Turkistan and Tashkent were captured and ruined. The economy and trade went down. These years brought suffering, hunger, destruction of property, caused irreparable damage to the development of productive forces: thousands of men, women and children were herded into captivity.

In the organisation of liberation movement of the Kazakh people against the Zhungars khan Abulkhair played a significant role. He lead the united force of all three Kazakh zhuzs. In the following battles Kazakh army was organized and dispersed by three zhuzs. This brought them several wins in fights with zhungars. The first big victory which they had was in 1726 in which zhungars were fully defeated by Kazakhs near the river Bulanty. Continuing with this win Kazakh people in 1729 had the greatest victory in Anrakai battle. After this fight most of the territory of Middle and Youngest Zhuz were liberated. United army of Kazakhs had been the reason for this victory. However there were still disputes among Kazakh sultans and soon there was another one invasion of Galdan-Caren (ruler of Zhungar Khanate) on the territory of Kazakhstan in 1741-1742, which had consequences not smaller than during “Aktabaghan shubyryndy”.

Zhungars threaten not only Kazakhs but also Russia. Russian Empire built several fortresses along upper Irtysh to protect its territory. However the main threat for zhungars remained Kazakhs. After the death of Galdan-Caren in 1745 there was political instability in Zhungar Khanate after which it was crushed by China and in 1761 was turned into Sindzan – part of Ch'ing empire.

In the period of Kazakh-Zhungar wars the necessity to protect the territory lead to the emergence of the Kazakh-Russian strong relationships.

38) Khan Abylay: activities and historic sites.

Real name of Abylay - Abilmansur. In the late 20 - 30-s of 18^th century Abilmansur participated in the battles with the invaders first as an ordinary soldier, then quickly advanced and became one of the most influential Batyrs. Abilmansur took the name Abylay from his grandfather, the famous Batyr. / / After the death of Galdan-Tserena, in Dzhungariya a fierce struggle for the throne started between his heirs. Supporting in turn one, then another contester to the throne, Abylay managed to take significant territorial concessions from zhongar. Abylay recognizing the threat of conquest from the Chinese began providing active assistance to Amursane, who led the zhongar revolt against China. In the spring of 1756 Kazakh troops raided in Zhongariya against Chinese troops.The attacks of Chinese troops against Ablai failed. / / At the same time as he fought against external danger, Abylai has made great efforts to unite the Kazakh land. In 1740 in Tashkent, Khan Zholbarys was killed and Abilmambet became Khan with the support of the bi of Senior Zhuz Tole bi. In 1759 the Russian imperial administration has proposed to Abylai to make him Khan instead of Abilmambet, promising their support, but the influential Sultan refused. Only after the death of Khan in Turkestan, Abylai was raised on white koshme and proclaimed the new Khan of the three zhuz

. Abylai Khan (1771 - 1781) - the last Kazakh Khan, whose authority is in all of Kazakh lands. While maintaining the political independence, Abylai sent royal gifts and took the oath in St. Petersburg. As the subject of Russian Empire, Abylai at the same time, has sent an embassy in Beijing, seeking support from the Chinese emperor against Russian colonial authorities. / / Abylai was able to return to Kazakhs cities in the south, in the short time he mastered Sozakom, Shymkent and Tashkent. However, an attempt to create an anti-Union Central Asian states had not been successful. More successful was Abylay’s activities within the state. Csoka Valikhanov wrote that Abylai self-silenced strong pioneers and the Sultans, which limited the power of the board of khan». The most influential political figures of Khan's entourage were Kazbek-Biy and Bukhar-Zhirau. / / Name Abylay stayed in memory of Kazakh people and became a symbol in the struggle for national independence, the revival of the Kazakh state. 39) Historical conditions and prerequisites of incorporation of Kazakhstan into the Russian empire.

In 1720s-1730s, the major battles between Kazakhs and Dzhungars took place. Dzhungars had a strong artillery, which kazakhs lacked, and their attacks were sudden and quick. That’s why in 1723-1726 Kazakh auls were devastated. These years are called “Years of Great Misery” (“Aktaban Shubirindi”). When Kazakh three zhuzes united they managed to fight off dzhungars in 1726 and 1730. Unfortunately, this union didn’t last long. As the elder khan of all three zhuzes, Bolat, died, arguments started between sultans and khans on who would become the next elder khan. These arguments led to a disaccord between leaders and when Abulmambet was chosen, khans Abulhair and Sameke with their troops left the army and returned to their own lands. Abulhair upon return sent the embassy to Russian empire asking to take the Junior Zhuz under its protection. The main reason was military help in case of more attacks by dzhungars.

40) Military expansion of the Russian empire into the territory of Kazakhstan: incorporation of the Senior Zhuz into Russia as a colonial peripher.

By the beginning of XIX century, both the Junior and Middle Zhuz were parts of Russian empire. The Senior Zhuz was divided between Khiva (Southern Kazakhstan) and Kokand (Zhetisu). When Russia decided to go against Central Asian khanates, it first needed to conquer the Senior Zhuz. In 1824, 14 sultans of the Seior Zhuz (and 165 thousands of Kazakhs with them) signed the agreement that made them the subjects of Russian empire. Kokand and Khiva tried to stop this incorporation by attacking Kazakhs. Russians then built more outposts on the southern frontier. Basing from them, Russian army moved to Zhetisu and then to southern parts of Kazakhstan. By 1847 most Kazakhs from Senior and Middle Zhuz were under Russian rule. The incorporation of Kazakhstan took 150 years and ended in 1864-65. Russian empire now controlled all of it with Senior Zhuz becoming the farthest frontier or the colonial periphery of Russian empire.

41) Rebellion of the Kazakhs under the leadership of S. Datov: motive power, nature, course and results

Kazakh-Russian relations were worsening by the end of XVIII century, because of the more severe colonial policy implemented by Russian Empire. Hence, there is no coincidence that Kazakhs of the junior and middle zhuz actively participated in the peasants’ rebellion of Pugached and in the rebellion of Syrym Datov of 1783-1797. Younger Kazakh Horde participated in the siege Yaitskiy, taking Kulaginskoy fortress. 2000 Kazakh sarbazov participated in the siege of Orenburg. Kazakh Middle Juz attacked the Presnogorkovskuyu fortress, threatening a number of other fortresses. The potential reasons for the revolt were the colonial policy of Russia, the withdrawal of Kazakh lands, intensification of the land question, the violation of the historically nomadic routes, restricting the rights of local authorities, robbery and violence by the colonial administration, the rapacity of Cossack troops, the arbitrariness of the local nobility.

In the early 80-ies on the bank of the Ural river Kazakhs had a clash with the Cossacks.

In the spring of 1785 the rebels attacked the outpost and then Antonovskii fortress sugar in the lower reaches of the Urals, but the garrisons were ready and repelled the attack. The rebels were not given up and systematically carried out raids on the next outposts and forts. In this position, bypassing the Khan, the royal administration, represented by Governor-General Baron Igelström went to negotiate with the rebels. As a result, it was decided to divide the zhuz into three parts, headed by the elders. Syrym Datov was elected as an advisor to the rulers of all three parts of the Horde. In june 3, 1786 Catherine II signed the rescript to dismiss Nuraly Khan from power, he was summoned to Orenburg, and then sent to Ufa. In 1790, rebel troops were concentrated near the river Shar, preparing to attack Iletsk . In August 1790 Nuraly Khan died in Ufa and the tsarist administration proclaimed a new khan, Eraly. This brought a new impetus to the insurrection. By the summer of 1792, rebellions encompassed almost the entire zhuz. In autumn 1792 Srym Datov attempted assault take Iletsk town, but he failed.Only in October 1796 Esim Khan, son Nuraly Yesim was proclaimed.

In winter 1796 there was a strong starvation. When rebels killed Esim khan, the situation worsened. The tsarist administration resorted to new tactics - in August 1797, Khan Council was created in junior zhuz leading by the son of Abulhaira, Sultan Ayshuak (he was elected, his candidacy will suit sultans and elders, because he was a deep old and could not participate actively in the affairs of zhuz). Reconciliation of sultans and clan chiefs eased tensions in the Junior Zhuze, rising gradually subsided and stopped. Srym Datov migrated to the limits of the Khiva Khanate. Thus ended the revolt in Junior Zhuz, which lasted 14 years.

Defeat in the first major uprising in Kazakhstan, directed against the colonial land policy tsarism, had different reasons. The main ones are: the disaccord among the elders of the junior zhuz; dif-uniformity requirements of the main driving forces of the rebel nomads and the dependence of the rebellion on the political circumstances, poor organization of rebel forces and the dominance of the principle of descent in their formation. The uprising was of immense historical significance: it was the largest anti-colonial revolt in south-eastern outskirts of the empire. It confirmed the main reason for the aspirations of Russia in the region - the colonization of land. Movement showed the danger of contradictions in the organization of mass demonstrations. Revolt of 1783-1797 was a major speech in Kazakhstan directed against the feudal and colonial exploitation, which undermined the foundations of the Khan's power in the Junior Zhuz and has brought its final elimination.

42) Strengthening of the colonial policy of czarism in the 20s of XIX c.

«Charter of the Siberian Kyrgyz» 1822. The creation of fortifications restricted traditional nomadic Kazakhs, creating tension between the administration of the Siberian and Kazakh sultans. Increased military action in the region, the threat of invasion on the territory of Kazakhstan led Abylay take oath to Chineze bogdyhan while maintaining Russian citizenship. The politics of switching between Russia and the Chinese empire, which Ablai and Uali Khan practiced, made the ruling circles of Russia approve the Abolition of khan power in the Middle zhuz. \ \ In 1815, seeking to weaken the position of Uali in the Middle zhuz, the Government appointed a second Khan - Bouquets, after whose death in 1817, and Ual’si in 1819, new Khan in the Middle zhuze is no longer appointed, they were elected by residents of the aul. Governor-General of Siberia Speransky developed «Charter of the Siberian Kyrgyz» adopted in 1822. According to its reform of Siberia was divided into two parts - east to the administration of Irkutsk and the West in the heart of the center in Tobolsk, and in 1839 in Omsk. This part became known as «Siberian Region Kyrgyz» for the charter was drawn up in 1822, according to which the Kyrgyz region of Siberia was divided into districts, districts were divided into townships, townships in auly. The organization of the districts based on nomadic taken the winter. Reform related to the court. Their goals are to extend the imperial laws to the territory of Kazakhstan. Traditional court of bii remained at the level of libel cases. The reform also established fees and tribute. At the head of the districts were District sultans. At the head of the township stood Parish sultans. At the head of aul stood aul foreman   Eliminating khan power in junior zhuz. Adoption of «Charter of the Siberian Kyrgyz» meant the elimination of khan power in the Middle zhuz and its actual inclusion into the Russian Empire. In February 8, 1824 Tsarist government founded first Karkalinsky order, led by the senior sultan, Lieutenant Tursun Chingis. In the same year was created Kokchetav order. These orders have become outposts of tsarism in Kazakhstan. In 1824 Government of Russia adopted «Charter of Orenburg Kyrgyz», developed by the Governor-General of Orenburg PK Essen. As in the Middle zhuze in Junior Zhuz khan was stripped off the power. Zhuz was divided into parts, headed by the sultan - ruler of Zhuz, who was appointed by the governor of Orenburg. The judiciary, as in «Charter on the Siberian Kyrgyz», took note of maintenance of a major military court or the Boundary Commission. Thus khan power in junior and middle zhuz was dismantled. 43) People rebellion in Bukeev Horde under the leadership of I. Taimanov and M. Utemisov

At the beginning of XIX century a part of the population of the Junior Zhuz had occupied the territory between Volga and Yayik (Ural) rivers. In 1801 the Inner Horde was established on this territory by the royal decree of Russian Tsar, Pavel I. The second name of the Inner Horde was Bukeev Horde, due to the name of the first Khan of the Horde Bukei. Tsarist government thought they could enervate Kazakh’s struggle for the land by giving them opportunity to freely occupy the territory between Volga and Yayik rivers. However, the actual results of this policy were significantly different from the anticipated ones and there were several reasons for that. First factor is that the most fertile lands were divided among the relatives of the Khan and local aristocracy, leaving peasants famished. Another reason is related to arbitrariness and the absolute power of the ruling feudal. Making their policies, both Bukei and Zhangir khans were relaying on the Tsarist government. When Zhangir khan wanted to build a new palace and he did not receive any financial support from Tsarist administration, he raised the taxes several times, building his palace by robbing his people. All these factors formed the nature of the rebellion, which was anti-colonial and anti-feudal. Though the reasons of the rebellion are the unjust cruelty and lawlessness of the khans, the actual cause of the rebellion was the appointment of Karaulkozha Babazhanuli, the relative of Zhangir khan, on the post of the ruler of the clans that lived by the Caspian Sea.

Chronologically, the rebellion may be divided into three logical parts:

1. 1833-1836. Formation of the basic reasons for the rebellion (introduction)

2. 1837. Development of the rebellion and the main armed conflicts (culmination)

3. Dec 1837 – Jul 1838. Weakening and defeat of the rebellion (conclusion)

The driving forces of the rebellion were Kazakh peasants – sharua. The leaders of the popular uprising were Isatai Taimanov and Mahambet Utemisov. I.Taimanov was the head of the Bershi clan and famous Kazakh batyr, who proceeded along the path of protecting national interests. M. Utemisov was a well-known poet, who played a special role in determination of the goals and objectives of the revolt. In his poems he denounced the anti-national policy of Zhangir khan calling him “guileful wolf” and “poisoned snake”. The main goals of the insurrection were to eliminate the absolute power of the khan and to stop the colonial policy of the Tsarist government.

Headed by batyr Isatay Taymanov, Mahambet Otemisov and Sultan Kaipkali Esimuly, large forces of several rebel troops were approaching the residence of Khan Zhangir, destroying along the way the homes of khan officials. In autumn the siege of khan’s residence began. From the Russian fortresses of Astrakhan, Orenburg and Uralsk troops took off to quell the uprising. On 30 October Isatay was forced to lift the siege and retreat. But he has not succeeded in getting away from the persecution. On November 15, on the tract Tastobe the battle took place ending in defeat of insurgents. In December Isatay and Mahambet with a small group broke through the border line and went into the territory of the Junior Zhuz. There they began to gather a new army. In spring 1838, at maslikhats of Junior Zhuz it was decided to conclude an alliance with Hiva and declare a war against Russia. By the end of 1838, the Kazakh troops numbered about 2 thousand people. Attaching great importance to military preparations of Kaipkali, Isatay and Mahambet, and fearing their association with Kenesary Khan, the royal government has allocated special troops led by Lieutenant Geke. The last battle took place in Iletsk area. Sultan Kaipkali managed to escape from pursuers, but Isatay had died there. Many Batyr then joined Mahambet and went to Khiva.

Only with the advent of the movement's leadership Sultan Kenesary Kasymuly united scattered Kazakh forces, and the war entered into the new phase.

44)Kenesary Kassimov - the leader of the people war in 1837-1847

Kenesary khan - the leader of national-liberation movement of Kazakh people against imperial Russia, Kokan and Khivan khans. Kenesary khan - the descendant of khans Abylai and Kasym, the achieved restoration liquidated by the imperial government authorities and transfers a title to Kasymovs. Was born in 1802, has died during battle with Kyrgyz people in 1847.

In 1827, descendants of Abylai khan conducted active struggle on clearing Kazakh khanate from oppression of Russia. Father of Kenesary - Kasym and elder brother Sarzhan on a regular basis made attacks on Russian settlements and caravans, released the Kazakh auls from colonizers. Kenesary Kasymov carried out among people an active policy on an explanation of importance of independence of the state. In 1841 Kenesary Kasymov has been proclaimed by khan, having defined the basic purpose of the policy restoration Kazakh khanate. Kenesary has entered into government key rules of Sheriyat, and also has restored court of bies. At that time khan, strengthening the state and lifting its military power, fixed norms of the Muslim right. The tax policy also has been focused on effective collection of taxes.

Kenesary pursued a policy of grandfather Ablay, who was under construction on principles of rigid management and the stable order. In 1846, governors have been superseded by the Russian army and military formations of the Kazakh sultans from territory Younger and Average zhuzes.

Military actions of Kenesary began with siege and burning of Akmolinsk in the spring 1838. Following item of Kenesary was Torgay. Kenesary Kasymov in the letters to representatives of tsar explained the given step aspiration of approach borders of Russia so that in the further to facilitate negotiating process. Actually, an overall objective of Kenesary was connection Younger zhuz to general revolt as per 1836 has already passed people's liberation revolt under direction of Isatai Taimanov.

Kenesary Kasymov as khan, the politician, the commander, the diplomat has managed nevertheless to unite under the banner a significant part of the Kazakh sorts of three zhuzes. The Aggregate number of its army sometimes reached up to 20 000 person. Revolt of people was adjoined with a plenty of sultans and bies, basically, they represented Average zhuz. Revolt has got general character, it can be named unique revolt in history of emancipating movements of the end XVIII and in XIX century, captured all the basic areas of moving of the Kazakh sorts.

Active people's liberation movement of Kazakhs all three жузов has strongly disturbed Russia. On June, 27th, 1843 Nikolay 1 has signed the resolution that in one state there can not be other state which authorized large-scale military actions against Kazakh ханства.

Battled simultaneously with imperial army and irreconcilable sultans Кенесары though achieved successes in 1843 and 1844, have been compelled to recede. Receding, Kenesary has located in territory of the Senior zhuz, near to border of the Kirghiz grounds. The following tactical move of khan consist in capture of the grounds kirghiz manaps, but it has met the fierce repulse from their party. Kenesary was died in unequal fight close to Tokmak.

45) Rebellion of the Syrdar'ya Kazakhs under the leadership of J. Nurmuhamedov

Rebellion under the control of Zhankozha Nurmukhamedov took place in 1856-1857 in the region of the Syrdarya River. Zhankozha Nurmukhamedov who was the leader of this rebellion, was the eminent “batyr” from widespread tribe of Shekty of Alimuly alliance. He was born in 1795 in the settlement near the Aral Sea. In that times the supreme rulers of Kazakhs were “ak-suieks” (descendants of Genghis-Khan), despite of fact that he was not “ak-suiek” he controlled Syrdarya Kazakhs, in other words was the Sultan of that region and was very authoritative. There are several reasons which lead to this rebellion. The first is the rising oppression of Khiva khanate which tried to conquer that region. The second reason is the violent mobilization of Kazakhs by army of Russian Empire to build new fortress. And the third reason is the usage of military forces to collect taxes. All these factors lead to a massive rebellion of Kazakhs under the control of Zhankozha Nurmukhamedov. In 1856 open hostilities between insurgents and Russian army began. By the end of 1856 year insurgents controlled most of the territory of Syrdarya. However in 9 January 1757 in place called “Arykbalyk” one of the main hostility took place, after which rebellion was finally suppressed. It happened when troops of Fitingof joined rest of the army and finally defeated insurgents in that battle despite of fact that they had fewer troops than insurgents had. After the defeat Zhankozha tried to find allies in Khiva and Kokand khanates, but couldn’t do that and was finally murdered by one of his opponents. The reasons of this defeat are bad arming, backward tactics and absence of cooperation among the rebels.