- •12) State Oğuz.
- •31)Historical meaning of the Taaukel-khan’s activities in expansion of the territory and strengthening external relations of the Kazakh Khanate
- •37) “Aktabaghan shubyryndy”. Liberation movement of the Kazakh people against the Zhungars
- •46) Anti-colonial struggle of the Kazakhs led by Esset Kotibarov.
- •50) Kazakh enlightenment. Pedagogy activity of I. Altynsarin
- •52) Peasants colonization of the territory of Kazakhstan. Stolypin reforms and their goals (second half of XIX – beginning of XX cc)
- •56) First Kazakh national party of Alash: program, goals, political activities and the role in restoration of the national consciousness
- •58) October Revolution in Kazakhstan: myths and historical reality
- •61) Transfer from social-economic and political crisis of ‘military communism’
- •62) Stalin’s industrialization of Kazakhstan: nature, goals and results
- •64) Soviet cultural modernization (20-40s of the XX c)
- •65) Mass political repressions.
- •70) Inertia of Stalinist regime in post-war period. Case of e. Bekmakhanov.
- •72) Development of virgin lands: economic, ecological and social consequences
- •73) Acceleration of crisis of soviet social and political system (1960-1985)
- •78) Kazakhstan as a zone of ecological crisis (1949-1989). Semipalatinsk nuclear testing place, problems of Aral and Balkhash
- •83) Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan 1993, 1995. Formation of new Kazakh statehood (constitutional reform of 2007)
64) Soviet cultural modernization (20-40s of the XX c)
Education. All the rebellions, wars and revolutions in the beginning of XX century set back cultural development of the Kazakh society. Thus Soviet Party tried to liquidate the illiteracy amongst adult population. In 1924 “Say “no” to illiteracy” (Долой неграмотность) society was formed, which had a voluntary support with support of working people. In December of 1931, general obligatory education of working population at the age of 15-50 was conducted.
Spendings on education increased gradually. Close attention was given to schools for kazakh girls and for girls of other nationalities. Such schools were opened in Shymkent, Almaty, Turkestan.
In 1928 the first pedagogical institution was opened, which was later renamed after Abay. In 1934 the opening of Kazakh State University after S.M. Kirov was a huge event of cultural life. That year the opening of mining-metallurgical institution initiated to the preparation of engineering-technical specialists in the republic. By and large, there were 20 universities, 118 special educational places.
However all educational organizations felt insufficient amount of professionals. Stalin’s cult of personality destroyed all the intelligence which had formulated before the revolution.
Science. 20-30 years of XX were crucial in formation of science in Kazakhstan. Big centers of history, ethnography, economy and natural sciences were created. The Society of Kazakhstan studies appeared. Asfendiyarov, Zatayevitch, Divayev, Zhubanov, Baitursinov, Aimautov, Zholdybayev,Chuloshnikov etc were among active participants of the Society. The Society made a huge work in improving Kazakh language and literature. The branches of the Society were in Petropavlovsk, Kokshetau, Ural and in Urda.
This was a background for Kazakh Academy of Science SSR creation in 1932.
The first part of “the history of Kazakhstan from ancient times” written by S.Asfenduyarov was published.Seifullin, Mukanov, Baitursynov, Zhubanov were the authors of Kazakh linguistics and literature books. Before the War period consisted of 57 science organizations which contained more than 1700 scientists.
Literature. Kazakh literature took a special place in the cultural heritage of that period. S.Seifullin, who was a founder of kazakhs literature, kept Abay’s traditions on and gave new breath to the kazakh poetry. M.Zhumabayev’s collection of poems enriched kazakh poetry. These works of literature were written at that period: “Kokshetau” of S.Seifullin, “Sulushash”, “Botagoz” of S.Mukanov, “Kulager” of I.Zhansugirov, “Life and death of G.Mustafin”.
After-revolutionary period had left many substantial works of literature: “Thorny way difficult crossing” by S.Seifullin (1927).
Great success was achieved in the kazakh drama: “Aiman-Sholpan” of M.Auezov, “Zhalbyr” of B.Mailin, “Kyz-Zhibek”, “Kozy Korpesh-Bayan sulu” of G.Musirepov.
Arts. Soveit power opened up new opportunities for the kazakh arts. Kazaks and russian choral, drama houses appeared in Orenburg, Vernyi, Akmolinsk, Semey, Kostanay and other cities of Kazakhstan.
In January of 1926 the first national kazakh theater was opened in Kyzyl-Orda. Zhumat Shanin was the director of the theater. In 1937 it was renamed as “Kazakh Academy drama theater”.
In 1933 Uyghur drama-music theater was opened in Almaty, and Korean thater in Kyzyl-Orda in 1937.
In 1938 the first kazakh movie “Amangeldy” appeared on the screens.
In 1934 Kazakh state music theater was opened.This year Kazakh state orchestra was created by A. Zhubanov.
In 20-30 years there were complex and even contradictory processes in the cultural sphere taking place. Simultaneously, there was a creation and a destruction. On the one hand, the illiteracy was being liquidated, on the other hand, the national intellectuals were exterminated. The totalitarian ideology caused an enormous damage to the cultural developments.