1)Cognitive and applied functions of History of Kazakhstan as a social science and teaching discipline. Sources and historiography.

History is a process which has started with an appearance of human beings and will end up when all people die. History lives in our consciousness. However, people cannot choose which country they should have been born, and after growing up they should determine their attitude towards the country. In order to do this, they should know the history of the country, the way it has been developing.

History is an affection of human consciousness by historical knowledge. There are no secondary functions, they are all interconnected. First of all, history allows people to find out information about their past, connect it with the present and analyze so as not to commit mistakes made in the past.

Cognitive function of history is tightly connected with politics. Knowledge of history helps during major changes in the society. It allows analyze mistakes committed in the past and go another more correct way today. On the example of Kazakhstan we can say that in 20th century Kazakhstan was in the union with Russia who was dominating. Now Kazakhstan is in favour of doing the same: entering the union where Russia is going to dominate. In this particular example history hints at what might happen on the basis of past experience when Kazakhstan’s natural resources were taken off the country. So, one of the main functions of the history is its connection to the present. Other functions of history are upbringing and formation of weltanschauung. They help to establish values for people in the society. One proverb says that demolish nation’s past and you will deprive them of their future. They help to form positive attitude towards native land. Examples from history make people realize that they are a part of the society.

So, we can say that the function of the history is to study certain life situations, their development, and culmination. Only those events are analyzed which have significance to scholars. Cicero said that first function of the history in not to lie, another one is not to conceal the truth, and the last one is not to let anybody suspect you of prejudice.

History is also a social science which reflects problems of the society. The society is divided by property and social factors. Therefore, social analysis of history allows establishing a cause-and-effect relationship between these or that event. Lenin said that “any religious, political, and social factor contains interest of a particular social class”.

A study of history of Kazakhstan enables to feel lives of different cultures bordering with the Kazakhs. What kind of laws did they have, which clothes were they wearing, how were they trading, what was the reason for wars and so on. Thousands of threads connect historical life of the Kazakhs to life of other nations.

In order to assess a correctness of historical chronology, people also study historiography. It helps to decide whether a certain approach relevant to a certain historical event or not. Overall, history is important in our life because it helps us to decide how to behave in this world.

2)Evolution of a human being on the territory of Kazakhstan in the epochs of paleolith, mezolith and “neolithic revolution”

The evolution of a human being, the beginning of his work, the emergence of the material and spiritual culture examines the history of primitive society. Archeologists divide the Stone Age on three main periods: paleolit, mezolit and neolit. Firstly, paleolith period is dated 2 mln – 12 thousand years BC. This period is divided into smaller periods: upper, middle, and lower paleolith. The first ancient stone tools were found in southern Kazakhstan, near Karatau mountains in the lower paleolith. The first places of inhabitant were Shapakty in mangystau oblast and Arystandy in Zhambyl oblast. The first tool of ancient people from stone was lithic flake, as well as chopping-stone processed and sharpened on both sides. Social formation of lower paleolith people was primitive cattle. People of lower paleolith time are called piatikantrops.

During the middle paleolith (140 - 40 thousand years BC), the new type of man appeared called sinantrop meaning straight people. Because of abrupt cooling about 100 thousand years ago people became able to make fire. They were also building houses from bones. First religious traditions appeared at that time. Implements of that time were aimed to cut and were sharpened quite well. One of the most famous sites is named after Shokan Yalikhanov. It is situated on the bank of Arystandy river.

Upper paleolith (40-12 thousand years BC) is mainly described as a period when people’s appearance became similar to ours. Human races were emerging. It was the formation of man intelligent as well as tribal community appears. Additionally, arts took some part of peoples’ life. Archeologists found animal which were depicted with the use of mineral paint in a cave. Some religious deeds were also spread at that time. Namely, burial processes are said to have existed. Jewelries were put into a grave of dead man. Batpak, Achisay, Karabas are written to be sites of that time.

Mezolit (12-5 thousand years BC) is a connection between ancient Stone Age and new Stone Age. Because of warming animals and plants appeared. During that period people covered great distances following after animals. People of that age lived in northern and central Kazakhstan – near Irtish, Ishim, Ural rivers. The most important features of that period is invention of bow and arrows. They were mainly made of wood, however, some of them were made of bones. Boomerang was also invented in the mezolit. Fishing was widely developed as a craft. A boat and fishing net, snaps, new types of implements such as sharpened stones with sheath were invented at that period. On the hunt people were using tamed wolves. Agriculture and cattle-breeding began to appear.

Neolith is dated 5-3 thousand years BC. Life style of neolith people changed a lot; it became similar to modern life style. People established cattle breeding and arable farming. Such change of life style is called neolith revolution. Due to these changes, new types of implements were developed. These are: mortars, mattocks and other implements which were required for productive farming in Stone Age. Primitive mining also arose in neolith (extraction of copper, gold, lead). Wool and thread made of plants were used in clothes production. Neolith is also known for a development of pottery production. Women were highly appreciated because of their role in children upbringing and cooking. Social formation is described as generic community with a woman in the head of it. A proof of burial process of that time was found in northern Kazakhstan near Zhelezinka country. A person was burnt and his belongings were put into his grave. 600 sites a referred to neolith period in Kazakhstan. The biggest are: Saksaulskaya, Karaungir, Karaturgay.

Overall, all stages of Stone Age are represented with several sites, but the greatest amount of them were found for neolith period.

3) Change of societal organization, economic and cultural activities on the territory of Kazakhstan in a Bronze age

The second age of the Three Age System, beginning about 4000-3000 BC in the Mideast and about 2000-1500 BC in Europe. It followed the Stone Age and preceded the Iron Age and was defined by a shift from stone tools and weapons to the use of bronze. During this time civilization based on agriculture and urban life developed. Trading to obtain tin for making bronze led to the rapid diffusion of ideas and technological improvements. Bronze artifacts were valued highly and became part of many hoards. The Bronze Age is often divided into three periods: Early Bronze Age (c 4000-2000 BC), Middle Bronze Age (c 2000-1600 BC), and Late Bronze Age (c 1600-1200 BC) but he chronological limits and the terminology vary from region to region.

In Kazakhstan during the Bronze Age there were found evidences of flourishing Andronovo culture.

Public order. The use of metals and wheeled transport allowed andronov people to master steppe of Kazakhstan and space to move from settlement to cattle ranching, which has led to increased herd of sheep and horses - the main wealth of ancient Kazakhstan. Among andronov people begins property differentiation, and frequent clashes with neighbors because of good pasture and livestock - to allocate among the communities military aristocracy - warrior-kolesnichih. Hierarchically there were identified three groups: the military aristocracy, priests and ordinary obschinniki.

Andronovo culture is characterized by integrated cattle-farming economy in the flood plains on the shores of rivers and lakes. Livestock has been largely settled, pastoral: goats, cows, camels. A special branch of the economy of andronov tribes were mining and metallurgy. In the bronze era Kazakhstan was one of the first manufacturers of bronze in the world. The volumes of crude metal were enormous.

On the arid climate in Kazakhstan is beginning to emerge a new, more progressive type of economy - nomadic animal husbandry. Settlements gradually began to emerge as wintering, farming has become acquire ancillary character.

Under the proportion of horses and sheep, all year round could be on podnozhnom stern.

This leads to the fact that in Central Kazakhstan integrated farming-ranching andronov culture is replaced by begazy-dandybaevskoy nomadic culture.

Public order. The use of metals and wheeled transport allowed andronov people to master steppe of Kazakhstan and space to move from settlement to cattle ranching, which has led to increased herd of sheep and horses - the main wealth of ancient Kazakhstan. Among andronov people begins property differentiation, and frequent clashes with neighbors because of good pasture and livestock - to allocate among the communities military aristocracy - warrior-kolesnichih. Hierarchically there were identified three groups: the military aristocracy, priests and ordinary obschinniki.

Gradually, cattle ranching in the steppe changed to a more productive way of production - nomadic, which led to the further growth of productive forces and complicated the political system of tribes living in Kazakhstan.

4)Particularities of the Saka-Sarmat states: political relations, economy, social structure and culture

Political relations: According to ancient Greek sources, particularly in the writings of Herodotus, saki called Scythians and mentioned the names of tribes: massagety between the Syr Darya and Amu Darya, savromaty (later Sarmatians) - in the west of Kazakhstan, as well as Issedony, argipeyi, sarakauly etc. Saki opposed mighty powers as the ancient Persian state Aheminidov, Assyria, Urartu. Saki ancient Kazakhstan played an important role in world politics of the time, were active participants in historical events. They fought on the side of the Persians in the Greco-Persian wars.

Sarmatians participated actively in the political life of their population in the occupied lands. So at the end of II. n.e.roksolany to serve on the side of the Scythians in the war on the king Mitridatom. As I in. BC Sarmatians were on the side of Mithridates in its fight with Rome. Later, together with the gun came to Spain. Grozny alliances of tribes, headed by allied tribes, who called the common name Sarmatians were related by descent from the nomads of Southern Aral Sea region. There is no doubt due to their ethnic savromatami.

Social relaitions. At Sak’s era finally happening formation economy ranching. Sakskoe society was not homogeneous. At its highest level were "kings", possesses great power, they decide questions of war and peace, sent ambassadors concluded unions, led by troops. Exist "royal" family, which were hereditary rulers. Sakskom important role in society played a military prisoner aristocracy. The main role in managing society played an ancestral Presiding every saksky man was free and full-fledged man.

Religious beliefes.Savromaty tribes (Prohorovskaya Culture) buried their dead under mounds mounds, usually earth, very rare stones in taxation pulled on the back of the buried, head south.

Economy: Facilities of Sarmatians. The main way people were nomadic animal husbandry. Sarmatians divorce mainly horses and sheep. In dry conditions steppes limiting factor in the use of pasture has been drinking water. Therefore, the greatest number of archaeological sites are located near sources of fresh water. In winter, Sarmatians moved to more convenient places.

С начала 2 тысячелетия до н.э. на территории Казахтана жили арийские племена. В 1-м тысячелетии до н.э. их преемниками стали саки. В персидских источниках называлис имена сакских племен и групп племен. В их числе саки парадарайя – заречные (заморские) саки, тиграхауда – носящие остроконечные шапки, обитавшие в низовье Сырдарьи и Амударьи, хаомоварга – изготовлявшие напиток хаома, обитавшие в Прибалхашье, аримаспы – стерегущие золото грифов, расположившиеся на Алтае и в Восточном Казахстане.

Сведения о древних насельниках Казахстана содержаться в античных источниках в трудах Геродота. Древнегреческие и латинские источники саков называли скифами и упоминали имена племен: массагеты в междуречье Сырдарьи и Амударьи, савроматы (позднее сарматы) – на западе Казахстана, а также Исседоны, аргипейи, саракаулы и др. Саки были достойными соперниками таких могучих держав как персидское государство Ахеминидов, Ассирия, Урарту. Саки древнего Казахстана играли важную роль в мировой политике того времени, были активными участниками исторических событий. Они сражались на стороне персов в греко-персидских войнах.

В эпоху саков окончательно происходит становление скотоводческого хазяйства. Сакское общество не было однородным. На его высшей ступени были «цари», обладавшие немалой властью, они решали вопросы войны и мира, посылали послов, заключали союзы, возглавляли войска. Сущестовал «царский» род, из которого были наследственные правители. Важную роль в сакском обществе играла военно-пленная аристократия. Основную роль в управлении общества играли родовые предводители, каждый сакский мужчина был свободным и полноправным человеком.

Скопления сакских могильников обнаружены на берегах Таласа, Чу, Или, в предгорных зонах Кыргызкого, Заилийского, Джунгарского Алатау, в долнах Кегеня и Нарынкола. Наиболее известный памятник – Курган Иссык, расположенный в 50 км восточнее Алматы в предгорьях Заилиского Алатау в 1969г – было обнаружено погребение «Золотого Человека», датированное V веком до н.э.

Культура саков достигла высокой степени развития. Главным компонентом в исскустве саков был «зверинный стиль», сложившийся в VII – VI веках до н.э.. Этто образы различных животных,которыми оформлялись предметы быта, одежда, посуда, оружие.

5) Early states of the Ussuns and Kanghuy: military system, tribal structure and religious believes

Ussuns : According to Chinese sources the term “Ussun” appeared for the first time in the III B.C. Their lands stretched between Lake Balkhash and Issyk - Kul, capturing and grassy plains of Zhetysu and mountain pastures of the Tien - Shan. Its population mainly consisted of peasants, some of them being slaves.

In the process of resettlement Ussun tribes in Zhetysu a confederacy of tribes, whose head was called gunmo. Ancestral ties continued to play great importance. Despite the well-known remnants of matriarchal and relatively free position of women, in Ussuns’ society dominated patriarchal families. Decomposition of the primitive society has gone from Usuns far enough. Along with the developments of the class elements Ussuns’ society strengthened the power of tribe chiefs. It is known that the ruler of I B.C., gunmo Tsilimi ordered that no one dared to graze their cattle on his pastures. Hence we can infer that began royal ownership of land started at Ussuns.

Ussuns’ tribal alliance was a major political force. At the turn of the II and I cc. Chinese determined the number of Usuns of 630 thousand people, hence the number of their troops was expected to be approximately 188 800 people, since one-forth of people were able to participate in massive wars. Looking at these numbers we can say that Ussuns possessed enormous army, which fought against other tribes.

Jewellery, weapons, and jewelry clearly reflects Ussuns’ religious views and their general

worldview. Particularly, diadem found in Kargalinsk provides examples of such views. There is a clear dominance of fantastic animals such as winged tigers, horses, dragon and

man-bird. The tiara is decorated with inlays of turquoise, carnelian and almandine. The main idea Kargalinskiy diadem was to picture the universe in which Ussuns lived: animals symbolize life of the earth, the birds - the sky, winged horses – the sun.

Kanghuy : According to Chinese sources to the west of Usuns, in the valleys of Talas, the Syr Darya and central Kazakhstan inhabited the numerous tribes of Kanghuy. This ethnonym has long been known to Chinese. Already in the holy book of Zoroastrianism "Avesta" there is a reference to the location in the steppes of Kazakhstan of the fortress Kangha, in which people spoke in "Kanha" living north of the.

Sources dimly illuminate the history Kangju. In "The story of the western region" in the "History of the senior house of Han" about Kanghui states that the settlement amounts to 120,000 families, 600,000 souls and small 120000 man army.

According to indirect data, manage the king, who bore the title of "bi" or "yabgu”, whose rule was descended. In addition, the state apparatus consisted of Vice-King and the three advisers.

The main occupation of Kanghui people was semi-nomadic lifestyle . Partly, because of this, Kanghui tribes, like other tribes worshipped ancestors’ spirits, the sun, the moon, stars and natural forces. As aresult of such worship, there appeared constant religious ceremonies and traditions. There were cemeteries near almost all Kanghyi settlements. Funeral building consisted of kurgans and underground chamber.

There geographical location helped them to control the big part of the great Silk Road. Due to this, there trade flourished.

6) The Huns: economy, social system and military organization

According to the works of the Chinese historian, Sima Qian (135-67 years), a radical change in the history of Central Asia occurred in the period of “Warring States ", i.e. 403 - 221 BC. These changes are associated with the formation of the first nomadic empire in Central Asia, which was established as tribal alliances of Huns or Hun.

Huns are firstly mentioned in the written sources in 822 BC, when the Huns made a grand march to China. In the III BC Huns’ attack on China was intensifying, forcing the Chinese emperors built the Great Wall. Huns at this time is an alliance of hundreds families headed, the elected leader (Shenuy).

The device Hun state was as rigidly hierarchical as their social structure. At the head of state was shangyu, whose power was strictly hereditary, and sanctified by divine authority. Sengira called "Son of Heaven" and "Heaven and Earth was born, the Sun and the Moon delivered, great Hunnish shangyu.

Higher after shangyu person in the state - left and right that is (Western and eastern) "wise princes. They were his sons or relatives. They ruled the western and eastern territories of the empire, while in command of the left and right wing of the army. Below them were other relatives shangyu who directed a particular area - they were all different titles and were called "chiefs of ten thousand horsemen (ie temniki). Their number was strictly fixed - 24 top military commander, divided between left and right wing, western and eastern part of the empire. Temnikov appointed himself emperor. He also singled out his dominion every temniki territory together with the people living in the territory. Each of the 24 chiefs had from ten thousand to several thousand troops. Sweep up and punish temniki could only shangyu. What - any movement of tribes without an order shangyu strictly forbidden.

The main encumbrance of the entire male population of the state was military service. Every Hun was considered a warrior, and the slightest deviation from the performance of military duties was punished with death. All men from childhood to death were attributed to a strictly defined military unit, and each fought under the command of his dungeon

The Huns had a well-organized army. It is based on mobile-organized cavalry. Armament consisted of a bow, spear, sword, chain mail and armor. Military tactics of the Huns was quite high, and not inferior to the Chinese.

Three times a year, all heads usually come from the 4-aristocratic families, gathered to bid shanghyi to sacrifice ancestors, heaven, earth, spirits, and to discuss public affairs and once in the autumn - to count and verify the number of people and livestock. These meetings (meetings) were not so public, and how many relatives of the family council - all of the participants were relatives shangyu.

The main source of law at the Hun was the custom. For serious crimes the death penalty relied. For stealing a criminal forfeiture of property for easy misconduct made cuts on his face.

Economy Hun society as described by Sima Qian very primitive. The main economic activities of the Huns has always been nomadic cattle breeding. In extensive pastoral economy, when fodder for the winter is not cured, and the horse had the advantage that it could tebenevat, ie year-round is on grass, getting the grass from under the shallow snow.

The social unit of society and his Hun government organization can not be reconstructed with sufficient completeness, but socially developed state of the Hun empire beyond doubt. Ruling elite Huns were four aristocratic family, unrelated to marriage, when men of any of these families find their wives only three other noble families. Head of State, shangyu, could only be a kind Lyuandi, the most illustrious of the four. From the above we can conclude that in a society Hun hierarchy of clans and tribes play a significant role. At the lowest rung of society were conquered tribes, tribal system adapted to the Hun. Below them were conquered tribes not included in the composition of the Huns, they were especially ruthless exploitation. Thus, subordinate to Huns dunhu pay constant tribute fabrics, sheepskin and leather. If the tribute was delayed, then the Huns were executed tribal elders, robbed and enslaved women and children tributaries, and then demanding special ransom for their release.

Thus, the ruling class Hun empire, emerged from the tribal elite and the ratio of kinship retain crucial to determine the social status and political role of everyone who belonged to the higher strata of society Hun.

7) Role of Great Silk road in the forming of intensive cultural and informational exchange between peoples

The Great Silk way was established when in 138 B.C. Chinese emperor U-Di sends an ambassadorial caravan to the unexplored lands of the West. The caravan came back in 13 years and since than this route became a link between China and western countries. The most significant commodity that was exported from China was silk, which was very valuable in the west and which gave the name to the whole route. China was flooded by different goods from Mediterranean and Middle East countries.

Historical conditions of formation and development of the international caravan trade along the Great Silk Road. The Great Silk Road - one of the most significant achievements in the history of world network of caravan routes civilization. Extensive crossing Europe and Asia from the Mediterranean to China and served in an era of Antiquity and Middle Ages an important means of trade relations and dialogue between the cultures of East and West. The most extensive part of the road passed through the territory of Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Asian Silk Road station, if it move from west to east, coming from Shashai (Tashkent) via Turbat in Isfidzhab, Sairam. From Isfidzhaba caravans were on the east through the town of Taraz in Sharab and Buduhket. From Taraz eastward path walked by Kulanu, passed through Suyab through the Issyk-Kul, Ili Valley, Kayalyk (capital karlukskih dzhagbu); from Isfidzhab in Arsubaniket to Arys through Shavgar and Yangikent.

The Silk Road served initially for the export of Chinese silk. In turn, of Rome, Byzantium, India, Iran, the Arab Caliphate, and later from Europe and Russia went on the myrrh and frankincense, cardamom and nutmeg, ginseng and gall python, carpets and paintings, diamonds and jasper, ivory and «rybi tusks», ingots of gold and silver, furs, coins, and many others On the Silk Road extended cultivated crops: grapes, peaches and melons, spices and sugar, fruit and vegetables and herbs. Not only products were distributed through the Silk Road but also the fashion for art styles, and getting to the prepared soil in a particular ethno-cultural environment, are widely available.

Along with the proliferation of products, scientific and technological innovation, culture samples in applied arts, architecture, wall paintings Silk Road on the east and west spread the art of music and dance, visual representations, a kind of "stage" the Middle Ages. For example, Iranian, Sogdian and Turkish actors brought a lot of choreographic culture of China. Then the excavation of historical monuments throughout the Silk Road found numerous tangible confirmation of the development and cross-fertilization of musical and theatrical cultures of different peoples. \ \ The Silk Road spread religious teachings and ideas, various missionaries transferred their faith in the overseas country. From India via Central Asia and East Turkistan came to Buddhism, from Syria, Iran and Arabia, spread Christianity and then Islam. \ \ Along with Buddhism on the Silk Road coming from the West to the East, Nestorian Christianity spread wing. In the 7-8 centuries. Nestorian Christianity widely spread in the cities of South Kazakhstan and Semirechye. 8. Turkic Kaganate.

After the fall of the power of usuney Zhetysu has become a constant scene of war. Turks appeared here in the V century. The word «Turk» means strong. In 545 Bumyn became the leader of Turks. In 551, he entered into alliance with China, defeating Zuzana, took the title of Kagan. In 553 of Zuzana were again defeated, and the Turks became masters across the steppe to the east of the Altai. The following year, began his march to the west of the Turks, headed by younger brother of Bumyn - Ustem. Thus, over a short period of time was created a huge nomadic empire covering the territory from Edilya to Hingan Mountains. At the head of the new powers stood Kagan, the second person was a relative of his, bearing the title of «Yabgu». There were 24 other categories of officials (shady, eltebery and tutuki, buyuruki, Tarkhany). In social terms, the Turks were divided into three layers - Beki, karabudun - the bulk and Tats-slaves - prisoners of war. Subordinated teless tribes Turks called the Oguz. Turkic Kaganat immediately became one of the world empires of the time. In the 60's of the VI century Turks intervened in the struggle between the Chinese state-BEI, and BEI-Qi Zhou and forced both to pay tribute. In Central Asia in the war on eftalitami 560 Turks captured the city of Tashkent and the valley of Zarafshan. In 570-576 Turks conquered the North Caucasus, in 576 - Bosfor. As a result of these conquests Kaganat began to control all the important parts of the Great Silk Road, which provided Turkic aristocracy huge profits from the caravan trade. However, the power of Turkish power soon was shaken as a result of strife. In 604 a single Turkic Kaganate ceased to exist, split into Western and Eastern Turkic Kaganat. The political and social-ethnic system of the Western Turkic Kaganate. Western Turkic Kaganate was a state with a developed city and farming culture, and a thriving trade on the Great Silk Road. In 6-7 centuries the rivers Talas and Chu have numerous cities and fortified castles on their shores. Only in the Chu valley, there were about 18 of these cities and many small settlements. The head of the Western Turks was Kagan - overlord, ruler of the army. Kagan authority was transmitted by inheritance. He led all internal and foreign affairs, was manager of all lands. The bulk of the population consisted of free obschinnikov-pastoralists. The capital was the city of Kagan - Suyab in the Chu Valley, and the summer residence of Minbulak. In 630-634 years Kaganate lost their ownership of parts of Central Asia to the west of the Syr Darya. The State entered into a crisis whose primary cause was pressure from the exterior and the struggle for power of tribal alliances.

9) Turgesh Kaganate.

The Western Turks were a difficult subordinate to China, which burdened them with tax and intolerable oppression. In 679 of the two uprisings broke out simultaneously - in Mongolia and Zhetysu. But if the first resulted in the restoration of the Eastern Turkic Kaganate, the second was brutally suppressed. The bloody war between the Turks and the Chinese Eastern divert forces lasted, and in 699 the Western Turkic state was restored. At the head of tribes came tyurgeshi, so Kaganate became known as Turgesh. Eastern Turks also were forced to acknowledge the existence of a new nation. At the beginning of VII century Kagan Ushlik brings its stake in Suyab and divides the whole territory of Kaganate into 20 areas - «tutuk». In each area, there were up to 7 thousand farms. The capital of Kagan was in Suyab and small residence- in the city of Kungute in the valleys of the Ili River.

In 705 Turgesh came close to the southern borders of the Arab armies. Ushlik made an alliance with China and Sogd and divides Arabs under Paikend and Bukhara. Only disagreement between turgesh and sogdiy allowed the Arabs to retreat. Son of Ushlik Soge Kagan expelled Arabs from Central Asia and Turgesh became the de facto hegemony in the region. However, this success was short-lasting. In 708, in Turgesh Kaganate internal warfare started, which enabled the Arabs to resume the offensive in the Central Asia and in 711 conquer Samarkand. In 713 the Arabs captured the city of Khujand, Ferghana, and tried to get hold of Tashkent, and in 715 penetrated into East Turkestan. However, Arabic expansion was again halted by turgesh in 715, who cleared Ferghana from the invaders, and in 717 talented Kagan Suluk managed to regain the former strength of the Kaganate. In 724 turgesh supported a rebellion in Sughd and started a guerrilla war against the Arabs. However, in 737 the peace with China was violated, and Suluk had to wage war on two fronts. In 738 the leader of Sary-turgesh Baga-Tarkhan killed Suluk and tried to seize power. Using disaccord between turgesh, the Arabs managed to complete the conquest of Sughd, crush resistance of Samarkand, Tashkent and Otrar and in 738 set its border with turgesh. Chinese also resumed the offensive and in 748 reached Suyab. Two armies: Arabic and Chinese, met in 751 at the river Talas. Battle lasted five days and ended with the victory of the Arabs. The Chinese were expelled from Zhetysu, but the Arabs were forced to retreat because of the constant rebellions in conquered Sughd. In 759 the power in Zhetysu turned to other Turkic tribe - Karluks. 10) The Arab conquest of southern Kazakhstan.

At the time of the Arab conquests much of the territory of Central Asia and Kazakhstan was under the authority of the Western Turkic Kaganate. Between Iranian and Turkic populations close association occured. Business contacts expanded, economic ties have grown. These factors have played an important role in organizing the response to the Arabs. In 705 Arabs shifted the attacks to the area to the east of the Amu Darya - Maverannakhr. Deputy Horosana Kuteyba ibn Muslim, capturing Balkash in 706 moved to Paikend (near Bukhara). In 714 Kuteyba captured Shash (Chach) and made a trip to Ispidzhab. Tyurgesh during his elevation became a formidable force that has challenged the Arabs domination of Maverannakhr. During the reign of Suluk-Kagan, whom the Arabs for the courage and bravery have nicknamed «bodlivy», Turgesh in 737 made a campaign against the Arabs and came to Toharistan, which merged with karluk dzhabgu. But after the death of Suluk Tyurgesh Kaganate loses its power and Arabic Horosana governor Nasr ibn Seija uses this situation and makes several aggressive campaigns in 737-748 in some areas of Central Asia and southern Kazakhstan. The second half of VIII is full of political turmoil, uprisings and rebellions. The most powerful and popular anti-Arab and anti-Muslim uprising was Mukan movement in Central Asia, supported by the Turkic tribes from southern Kazakhstan and Zhetisu. In 810 Arab went offensive on Karluks and reached the town of Kuna. In 812 they organized a march to Otrar, which broke Karluk troops, forcing them to flee the country of kimeks. Since the 20's in the IX century the local dynasty of Samanids came to power in Maverannakhr, located in the face of the Arab caliphate in Baghdad. In 840 in the Central Asian steppes important developments occured: Yenisey Kyrgyz destroyed Uighur Kaganate, forcing Uighurs to move to Turkestan oasis and the area of Gangzhou. Karluk dzhabgu Bilge Kühl Kadir Khan, the governor of Isfidzhab, took advantage of the situation and openly declared their rights to the supreme power, adopting the new title of Kagan. In the same year began his war against Samanids. Deputy Samarkand, declaring holy war on the wrong Turks, seized Isfidzhab. In 893 Samanids headed by Ismail Bin Ahmed went to Taraz. After a long siege the city fell. But in 904 Maverannakhr was invaded by Turkish troops, who were later pushed out. The Arab domination affects only part of southern Kazakhstan, part of the Karluk Kaganate. Cities Farab and Isfidzhab remained turbulent for the Arab lands. However, Otrar, Taraz, Shash, Bukhara, Samarkand and other cities that have adopted Islam, have become major centers of culture, such scholars as al-Khorezm, Al-Farabi, Al-Biruni, Abu Ali ibn Sina, and many others lived and worked here.

11)Ethno-cultural processes and political history of the state of Karluks.

The Karluks were a prominent nomadic Turkic tribe residing in the regions of Kara-Irtysh (Black Irtysh) and Tarbagatai west of the Altay Mountains in Central Asia. They were closely related to the Uygurs. Karluks gave their name to the distinct Karluk group of the Turkic languages, which also includes the Uygur, Uzbek and Ili Turki languages. Karluk is widely known as Chagatai language. Karluks were known as a coherent ethnic group with autonomous status within the Turkic Kaganates, and the independent states of the Karluk Yabgu and Karakhanids, before being absorbed in the Chagatai Ulus of the empire. They also were a branch of the Turkic Türgesh, or aboriginal Altaians. In 650 AD, at the time of their submission to the Chinese, the Karluks had 3 tribes: Meulo, Chjisy (Popou), and Tashili. On paper, the Karluk divisions received Chinese names as Chinese provinces, and their leaders received Chinese state titles. Later, the Karluks spread from the valley of the river Kerlyk along the Irtysh River in the western part of the Altay to beyond the Black Irtysh, Tarbagatai, and towards the Tien Shan. In 630 AD the Aru-Kagan (Chinese, Helu) of the Eastern Turkic Kaganate was captured by the Chinese, and his heir apparent, the "lesser Khan" Khubo, with a major part of the people and 30,000 members of the army, escaped to Altai, conquered the Karluks in the west, the Kyrgyz in the north, and took the title Ichju Chebi Khan. The Karluks allied with the Dingling and their leaders the Uygurs against the Turkic Kaganate, and participated in enthroning the victorious head of the Uygurs (Tokuz Oguzes). After that, a smaller part of the Karluks joined the Uygurs, and settled in the Bogdo-Ola mountains in Mongolia, and the larger part settled in the area between Altai and the eastern Tien Shan. The Karluk rose in rebellion in against the Türküt, then the dominant tribal confederation in the region, in about 745, and established a new tribal confederation with the Turkic Uygur and Basmyl tribes. In 766, after they overran the Turgesh in Jeti-su, the Karluk tribes formed a Khanate under the rule of a Yabgu (prince). Famed for their woven carpets in the pre-Muslim era, they were considered a vassal state by the Tang Dynasty after the final conquest of the Transoxania regions by the Chinese around 744. They remained in the Chinese sphere of influence and an active participant in fighting the Muslim expansion into the area, up until their split from the Tang at the Battle of Talas in 751.Chinese intervention in the affairs of Western Turkestan ceased after their defeat in 751 by the Arab general Ziyad ibn Salih. The Arabs dislodged the Karluks from Fergana. In 766, the Karluks occupied Suyab, and transferred their capital there. By that time the bulk of the tribe had left the Altai, and the supremacy in the Jeti-su passed to the Karluks. Their ruler bore the title Yabgu, and is often mentioned in the Orkhon inscriptions.[2] In Pehlevi texts one of the Karluk rulers of Tocharistan was called Yabbu-Hakan (Yabgu-Kagan) [6]. The fall of the Western Turkic Kaganate left the Jeti-su in the possession of the Turkic peoples, unconquered by either the Arabs or Chinese.[2]The Karluks were hunters, nomadic herdsmen, and agriculturists. They settled in the countryside and in the cities, which were centered around trading posts along the caravan roads. The Karluks inherited a vast multi-ethnic region, whose diverse population was not much different from its rulers. The Jeti-su was populated by the Turkic Türgesh, who were divided into two tribes, the Tukhshi and the Azes (Ases) mentioned in the Orkhon inscriptions, the remnants of the Turkic Oguzes whose main body had moved to the west, becoming the Shato Turks (i.e. "Steppe Turks"), and interspersed with the Sogdian colonies. The southern part of the Jeti-su was occupied by the Yagma people, a branch of the Tokuz-Oguzes, the later Uygurs, who also held Kashgar. In the north and west lived Kangars (Kangly, Kangüy, Kangju). A separate significant division of the Karluks were the Chigils, a tribe that had detached from the Karluk. They resided around Issyk Kul.[2]The diverse population adhered to a spectrum of religious beliefs. The Karluks and the majority of the Turkic population professed Tengrianism, called by the proselytizing religions shamanism and heathen. Chigils were Christians of the Nestorian denomination. The majority of the Tokuz-Oguz, with their khan, were Manicheans, but there were also Christians, Buddhists and Muslims among them. The peaceful penetration of Muslim culture through commercial relations played a far more important role in the conversion of the Türks than the Muslim arms. The merchants were followed by missionaries of various creeds, including Nestorian Christians. Many Turkestan towns had Christian churches. The Türks held sacred the Qastek Pass Mountains, believing to be an abode of the deity. Each creed carried its script, resulting in a variety of used scripts, including Turkic runiform, Sogdian, Syriac, and later Uygur.[2] Karluks had adopted and developed the Turkic literary language of Khoresm, established in the Bukhara and Samarkand, which after Mongol conquest became known as Chagatai Turki. Of all Turkic peoples, Karluk were the most open to the influence of the Muslim culture. Yaqubi reported the conversion of the Karluk-yabgu to Islam under Caliph Mahdi (775-785), and by the tenth century several towns to the east of Talas had cathedral mosques. Muslim culture had affected the general way of life of the Karluks [7]. In the following three centuries the Karluk Yabgu state occupied a key position on the choice international trade route, fighting off mostly Türkic competing encroachers to retain their prime position. Their biggest adversaries were Kangars in the north-west and Tokuz-Oguzes in the south-east, with a period of Samanid raids to Jeti-su in the 840-894. But even in the heyday of the Karluk Yabgu state, parts of its domains was in the hands of the Tokuz-Oguzes, and later under Kyrgyz and Khitan control, increasing the ethnical, religious, and political diversity.

12) State Oğuz.

In IX - beg. X centuries on the shores of middle and lower course of Syr Darya and adjacent steppes of western Kazakhstan was formed Oguz State. Its capital became the city of Yangikent on Syrdarya, lying at the crossroads of important caravan routes. Oguz Head of State was the supreme ruler and had the title «dzhabgu». Leader of the Oguz army wore the title of «syubashi».The state was composed of tribes of iarluki, Karluks, simury, haladni, dnagary and others. The initial kernel of Oguz group formed in Zhetysu, but in the process of movement to the west, it has been supplemented by the nomadic and half-nomadic population of southern and western Kazakhstan. The most part of them lived in the Aral Sea region, in the North Caspian region, in the lower reaches of the Syr Darya. Ethnic composition Oguz state was mixed; it was composed of many Iranian and Turkic-speaking tribes. Their power began in the 90-s of IX century. They then destroyed nomadic Pechenegs that lived in the Aral and Caspian region. This struggle between Pechenigs and Oguzes lasted more than a hundred years. Under the pressure from Oguz and their allies, the Khazar Kaganate, Pechenegs moved to the Black Sea region, where in the X century their incursions shook Kiev Russia and Vyzantium. Oguz really flourished in the second half of X century. When in 965 together with the Kievan prince Svyatoslav, they defeated Khazar Kaganat - Turkish State, which followed Jewish religion and that successfully confront for a few centuries the Arabs and Byzantium, Kievan Rus and Oguz Power. In 985 Oguz dzhabgu together with the Russians inflicted a major defeat on the princes of the Volga Bulgaria. These developments occurred when Ali-Khan was in power. His successor Shahmelik in 1041 conquered Khorezm. But in 1043 Shahmelik fell into the hands of his enemies and was executed. In the XI century Oguz State fell into decay, internal strife began, external pressure from Seljuks increased. In the middle of XI century Oguz Power finally fell under the onslaught of Qypchaq tribes.

13)Kimek Khanate.

In the Northern, Eastern and Central Kazakhstan Turkic tribes of kimaks and kypchaks lived. In the IX century they formed a state, which included numerous Turkic tribes, with some of them coming from Central Asia. These events occurred after the dissolution in 840 of Uighur Kaganate in Central Mongolia. The leader of the State had the title dzhabgu, which since the end of IX century changed to Kagan (Hakan). State of kimaks had a capital in Kimakii (Gemakii) on the Irtysh. Kimaks maintain communication with the Samanids, Oguz, Karluks. Union of kimek tribes was not based on the bloodline/relative relationships, but on the principle of territorial-administrative relations. In social terms, unification of kimeks stood over tribal structures, and the tribes were connected by hierarchical and vassal relations that were strictly regulatedby the pillars of society. At the beginning of IX century kimeks moved to Syrdarya, then in alliance with Karluks and Oguzes helped to defeat and oust Kangar Pecheneg tribes of the Syr Darya and the Aral Sea region.

Area of the state: from the middle reaches of Irtysh to Jungar gate to the Southern Urals and the Syr Darya basin. The core of kimek State consisted of 12 tribes.

Kagan of kimeks appointed rulers, who were representatives of the tribal nobility. The hereditary transfer of power existed not only inside the family of Kagan but also the tribal nobility. The origin of the unit-tribal system was a consequence of major changes in the social order, caused by the formation of the patriarchal-feudal relations.

In IX - beginning of XI century among kimekov Tengri cult and the cult of ancestors prevail. Certain groups also practiced cult of fire, sun, stars, river and mountains. The fall of kimekov was due to two reasons: the centrifugal tendencies of Qypchaq khans, increasing strife; immigration of tribes from Central Asia. 14) The state of Karakhanids as a new stage in the development of Turkic ethnicity.

In 942 a new state appeared on the territory of Central Asia – the state of Karakhanids. It originated from Karluk, Kangui, Oguz and other Turkic ethnic groups that lived in the region. Its founder was Satuk Bogra-khan. After the fall of Karluk Kaganate, its territory lay as far as Zhetisu to the north, Ispidjab to the east and Kashgar to the west. This huge land was divided into three parts: Zhetisu, Eastern Turkestan and Maverannahr. Karakhanid Khanate was a new and important stage in the development of Turkic state etnicity because it was the first Turkic state that accepted Islam and Karakhanids were the ones who brought this idea to other Turks. First, in 960 AD Satuk Bogra-khan and 200 000 Turks with him converted to Islam. Later, his son, Musa, declared Islam as a state religion. It was a major step for Turks, because before their official religion used to be tengriism. It still existed but Islam gradually became more and more important. If before they had a politheistic religion with a pantheon of gods, now they have got a monotheistic religion and started believing only in one true god. This was a major change in the way people thought of the world around them. That’s why Karakhanid Khanate is such a crucial part of the development of Turkic ethnicity.

15) The state of kara-Kitais. Ulus of Naimans and Kereits.

The state of Kara-Kitais originated from the tribes of kidans that lived on the northern part of China. When their state fell, some part of kidans moved to Zhetisu and mixed with the Turks there, that’s how the tribe of Kara-Kitais appeared. In 1128, their leader Elui Dashi conquered the capital of Karakhanids – the town of Balasagun and founded the state of Kara-Kitais. In the beginning of 1140s, the territory of the state included Zhetisu, Southern Kazakhstan, Maverannahr and Eastern Turkestan. The state of Kara-Kitais fell in 1212 as a result of series of battles with Naimans and Khorezm. Their territory became part of ulus of Naimans, who first appeared in X-XI centuries and strengthened considerably in the second half of XII century. Ulus of Naimans was a union of eight nomad tribes. Their territory included Zhetisu and from upper Irtish to Orkhon river. Their capital was the town of Balikti, located on the river Orkhon. Some Naimans were adherents of Nestorian Christianity. Neighbors of Naimans were the tribes of Kereits. Their state (ulus) also appeared in X century and flourished in the second half of XII century. Their territory encompassed rivers Orkhon, Kerulen, Selenga and Argun. Their leaders were also followers of Nestorian Christianity. Both ulus of Naimans and of Kereits were comquered by Chingishan in the beginning of XIII century.

16) Kipchaks and their role in social, political and cultural space of Eurasia

Kipchaks were a confederation of pastoralists and warriors of Turkic origin, known in Russian and Ukrainian as Polovtsy, who lived in yurts (felt tents) and came from the region of the River Irtysh. Some tribes of the confederation probably originated near the Chinese borders and, after having moved into western Siberia by the 9th century, migrated further west into the Trans-Volga.

They occupied a vast, sprawling territory in the Eurasian steppe, stretching from north of the Aral Sea westward to the region north of the Black Sea (now in Ukraine and southwestern Russia) and founded a nomadic state (Desht-i Qipchaq). They invaded the territory later known as Moldavia, Wallachia, and part of Transylvania in the 11th century. From there they continued their plundering of the Byzantine Empire and the Kingdom of Hungary.

In the late 11th and early 12th centuries, they became involved in various conflicts with the Byzantines, Kievan Rus, the Hungarians, and the Pechenegs, allying themselves with one or the other side at different times. In 1089, they were defeated by Ladislaus I of Hungary, again by Knyaz Vladimir Monomakh of the Rus in the 12th century. They sacked Kiev in 1203. They were finally crushed by the Mongols in 1241. During the Mongol empire, the Kipchaks constituted majority of the khanate comprising present-day Russia, Ukraine, and Kazakhstan, called the Golden Horde, the westernmost division of the Mongol empire. After the fall of the Mongol Empire, the Golden Horde rulers continued to hold Sarai until 1502.

The Kuman, or western Kipchak tribes, fled to Hungary, and some of their warriors became mercenaries for the Latin crusaders and the Byzantines. Members of the Bahri dynasty, the first dynasty of Mamluks in Egypt, were Kipchaks; one of the most prominent examples was Sultan Baybars, born in Solhat, Crimea. Some Kipchaks served in the Yuan dynasty and became the Kharchins.

Language and culture

The Kipchak spoke a Turkic language whose most important surviving record is the Codex Cumanicus, a late 13th-century dictionary of words in Kipchak and Latin. The presence in Egypt of Turkic-speaking Mamluks also stimulated the compilation of Kipchak-Arabic dictionaries and grammars that are important in the study of several old Turkic languages.

According to Mahmud Kashgari the Kimeks and the Oghuz differed from the rest of the Turkic nations by the mutation of initial y to j (dj).

The Kipchaks are also known to have converted to Christianity, around the 11th century, at the suggestion of the Georgians as they allied in their conflicts against the Muslims. A great number were baptized at the request of the Georgian king David IV who also married a daughter of the Kipchak khan Otrok. From 1120, there was a Kipchak national Christian church and an important clergy.However, by the 12th and 13th centuries, Islam took firm root amongst the Kipchaks.

17) Ancient Turks: economy, ideology and culture

Turks is an ethnic language formation which emerged on Eurasian continent 1 thousand years BC. Turks were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding and arable farming. Turks also were hunting on big herbivorous animals in order to gain skins and train warriors. To be more specific about cattle breeding, Turks are said to breed mostly sheep whose bones were found in Turkic graves. In the south, people were breeding camels. Horses were also wide spread in Turkic cattle. They used them to accompany sheep cattle and to get milk from them which were used in kumys production. Gumilev said that Turks do not have a constant place of being but each member of the tribe has his own land. This means that each family was roaming within certain lands.

Another specialization of the Turks which is closely related to them is martial craft. Archeologists found proofs of Turkic metallurgy in Altay. Scholars say that the Turks were making iron using a method called “raw blowing” (сыродутье). Eventually they got an iron material called “Kritsa” (крица). This type of iron is considered to have a higher quality than blast iron. This iron was used in weapon production, mainly knives, axes, and swords. Turks were also extracting gold, silver, and copper. Development of crafts is connected with needs of nomads and city dwellers. The most developed crafts were pottery and jewelry production.

Turks were using dome-shaped convertible houses which were useful in their nomadic life. Convenience of this type of house is described by Chinese historian Bo Tsui. He writes that ordinary people had simple yurts, and rich people had comfortable ones. They are said to be covered with silk.

It is usually known that nomadic tribes’ social formation is based on patriarchate. Turks are not exception. Despite strong material and social differentiation, Turkic families comprised a generation which was united in tribes, and eventually, tribes were a part of tribal unions (el). A head of tribal unions was khan (kagan).

Early states had trade connections with Byzantium, Iran, Middle Asia, Altay, and Sibir. The main trade centers were Taraz, Otyrar, and Signak. Affairs were a common way of trade organization. Profitable trade required money. They had been existing in a form of coins since 6-7 centuries. English turkologist Klouson said that first coins were made in Akbeshim city (Suyab). Coins were also found in Otyrar and Taraz.

City culture was mainly formed in southern Kazakhstan and Zhetisy. The reason for such location is that several silk roads were intersecting in these places. Cities were administrative centers and their rulers showed their power by making coins.

In 6-7 centuries several religions were spread through Silk Road, Buddhism appeared in southern Kazakhstan 1 thousand years BC. Two temples which are dated 6-7 centuries were found in Chu valley. Christianity came from Merv city in 7-8 centuries. In Manichaeistic book (8 century) Taraz city is mentioned where sogdians were spreading Manichaeism. Spread of Islam in Kazkahstan started in 8 century when Karluks converted into that religion.

Overall, Turkic tribes can be said to set a beginning of Kazakh nation because eventually, these tribes became a part of Kazakh state.

18) Medieval towns of Kazakhstan as centers of economic life and exchange, ideology and cultural innovations (VI-XII cc)

Southern Kazakhstan and Zhetysu during all Middle Ages were the centers of city culture. Cities here have appeared still in kangarskoe and usunskoe times, however their greatest blossoming is necessary on VI-XII centuries. During this period it is possible to allocate some of the basic centers of development of city culture:

1. Average current of Syr-Darya - one of the most ancient centers of development of the city culture. In riverheads of Arys there was a district Ispidzhab - capital of Southern Kazakhstan in IX-XII centuries. On the average current the district Kendzhid settled down, and at merge of Arys and Syr-Darya-district Farab or Otrar. Below on current there was a district Jasy(Turkestan).

2. The bottom current of Syr-Darya - the cities of Jangikent, Sygnak, Dzhend, Barchynlykent, which had big economic and cultural values for nomads.

3. Southwest ZHetysu - region of country between two rivers Talas and SHu. In upper side of Talas the district Sheldzhi which population was engaged in metallurgy was stretched. In Talasskoj to a valley the district of Taraz, and in valley SHu - Sujab and Balasagun settled down.

4. Northeast ZHetysu. The cities of Iki-Oguz, Kajalyk, Almalyk and other large trading items on the Great Silk way were here.

5. Valley of Ertis. The Arabian and Persian sources localize here 16 kimak cities, including capital of kaghanat- Hakan I hakan kimak.

6. The central Kazakhstan. Unfortunately, the names of the majority of cities of this area are unknown, however, archeological researches allow to judge existence of city culture here in VIII-XII centuries.

Cities of Kazakhstan. The concept of "city" at various times and in different societies had the various maintenances. Quite often "city" named settlement which inhabitants unlike village were engaged in craft and trade. Cities often received the names by name of a tribe or representatives of the nobility. On written sources, to number of cities which are identified with ruins of large sites of ancient settlement, concern Ispidzhab, Otrar, Taraz. Arsubaniket, Kulan and others. Ispidzhab (modern village to Sauries) was one of the main cities and shopping centers in the South Kazakhstan, to its area ranked also the cities of Zhetysu. Ispidzhab-the big, large city. There are covered markets, the market of a cloth and a cathedral mosque. It is known, that it had 1700 rabats. Other great city was Otrar. Which ruins are in 15 km from station Temir in SHymkent area. Otrar (or otherwise - Farab, Tarban, Turar) has been based in beginning V-VI centuries.

It was generated as typical early-medieval city. Its governor minted own coins.

Taraz as the big city for the first time is mentioned in sources of VII century. Taraz was the center of densely populated area. Around it on the rivers Talass, Assa and, on small rivers, numerous cities and settlements - Barshan, Hamuket, Dzhikil, Adahet and others.

19)Creative works of Al-Farabi, Yusuf Balassaguni, Makhmud Kashgari and Hodja Ahmed Yassavi and their role in the world culture

In the 9-12 centuries nomads’ knowledge of astronomy, geography, and other natural sciences receive a new design in the form of scientific treatises, most of which did not reach us. The world knows the names of many scientists from Kazakhstan of that time, but a special place among them takes Abu Nasir al-Farabi.

Al-Farabi was a scholar and lexicographer, who made significant contributions in almost all branches of scientific knowledge. He wrote many works on philosophy, logic, mathematics, medicine, astronomy, sociology, law, physics, music theory. During his life Al-Farabi was awarded the honorary title "Second Teacher" after Aristotle. Because the book "A Treatise on the views of residents of the virtuous city" he was pursued by the Muslim clergy. "Great Treatise on Music" has had a significant influence on the development of the medieval musical culture.

Mahmud Kashgari became interested in language, folklore and ethnography of the Turkic tribes in his youth, he traveled through the lands inhabited by Turks, wrote the words and their meanings, songs, riddles, legends, customs of the Turks. Accumulated observations Mahmud summarized in the main work of his life "Divanu lugat at-turk" ("Dictionary of the Turkic dialects", consisting of three books. This work is a true encyclopedia of the Turks’ life in the early Middle Ages.

Yusuf Balasaguni’s most famous work is "Kutadgu Bilik" ("Blagodatnoe knowledge"). This is a philosophical work, which provides the author's opinion about the rules of an ideal society, the rules of conduct in its various classes and rules of the relationship between rulers and ruled.

In the book there are legends, proverbs, sayings, which identify the qualities necessary for generals, ambassadors? treasurer, scientist, physician, astrologer, merchants, artisans, nomadic herdsmen, etc. Yusuf Balasaguni presented his work to the ruler Bogra-kara-Khakan of the dynasty Qarakhanides, for that he was awarded the highest administrative post-head of public service. One of the well-known researchers of creativity Y.Balasuguni A.N. Kononov wrote that the causative factor for the creation of the poem might be political difficulties that arose then in the Qarakhanid state. It is possible that the writer felt the urgent need to establish a new moral and ethical foundation for destructive turmoil of the state.

Khoja Ahmed Yassaui belongs to a collection of poems "Diuan and Hikmat" ("Book of Wisdom"). This is one of the oldest literary monuments of Turkic-speaking peoples. In this book he preaches the love of Almighty God, humility, and asceticism, encourages people to be honest, friendly, treat each other with love and patience. The poet condemns the injustice of the world, resourceful and greedy sycophants.

On the eve of the Mongol invasion the material and spiritual culture of the population of the vast territory of Kazakhstan was at a high level and have an impact on the world cultural process.

20) Mongol expansion into the territory of Kazakhstan and Central Asia

In the early 13 th century in the interior of Asia was formed the Mongolian State. Its founder Temuchin united under his rule almost all the tribes of Mongolia. In the spring of 1206 at kurultai Tumuchin was solemnly proclaimed a ruler of all Mongols under the name of Genghis Khan.

Genghis Khan ruled the Mongol state alone. The whole empire was divided into 95 administrative tumens, each of which was for 10,000 soldiers. Every thousand men were divided into ten hundred, a hundred into tens. Large associations were managed by relatives of Genghis Khan and the noiony- mongol aristocracy. Militarily, the whole of Mongolia and its population was divided into three military administrative aimag: Right wing (Barungar), Left (Zhongar) and Centre (Kul). The basic law of the State was "Jassy", which consisted of two parts and included the word edification of Genghis Khan, the general laws, different rules and regulations. By "Yassy" the supreme governing body was Kurultay.

Already in the first decade of the 13 century the Mongols subjugated peoples of Southern Siberia, and then invaded China. Attacked China in 1211 - 1215 years, the Mongols adopted from the Chinese siege engines and battering rams projectile guns. Now, in the way of Genghis Khan in Eastern Europe and the Near East were Kazakhstan and Central Asia.

In 1217 Genghis Khan sent an army to Zhetysu headed by Jebe-Noyon. Using the sectarian conflict, a difficult political situation, in 1218 Mongols invaded Zhetysu, and then other parts of Kazakhstan. After the conquest of Eastern Turkestan, Zhetysu, the Mongol invasion in the south of Kazakhstan and Central Asia increased. The reason for this was "Otrar catastrophe”. Otrar ruler Cairo Khan suspected merchants arrived from Genghis Khan's trade caravan of espionage. He ordered to kill them and plundered a caravan. Khan demanded the extradition of Cairo Khan, but the Khorezm Shah not only did not fulfill this requirement, but ordered to kill the messengers. This was the occasion for a war against the Genghis Khan of Khorezm.

In February of 1220 Otrar city was captured and sacked. Courageously defended urban residents Signak, Ashnas and others 1219-1220 years the Mongols conquered Bukhara, Samarkand, Khorezm. In 1221 Zhoshy took Urgench, he went to the crusade to the north-east of the Aral Sea to the steppes of Kazakhstan, overcoming the resistance Kypchaks. In autumn 1224 Genghis Khan returned to Mongolia. So on as a result of the invasion of 1218-1224 Kazakhstan and Central Asia became part of the empire of Genghis Khan.

21)Formation of the Mongol ulus system: territory, ethnic composition, state and administrative system

The Mongol Empire, also known as the Mongolian Empire was the largest empire in the world’s history and there was the time when it was the most feared empire in Europe and Asia. Mongol Empire was the result of Mongol unification and Mongol invasions, which took place with the ruling of Temujin who has been proclaimed ruler in 1206. By 1279, the Mongol Empire covered over 33,000,000 km² up to 22% of Earth's total land area. It held influence over a population of over 100 million people. However, by that time the empire had already been fragmented, with the division of it into: Golden Horde and the Chagatai Khanate being independent and refusing to accept Kublai Khan as a single Khagan. When time came and Kublai Khan has died with no accepted living Khagan Mongol Empire had already split up into four separate khanates. During the beginning of the 14th century, most of the khanates of the Empire have broken off. Thereafter they were absorbed or defeated.

Genghis Khan (1155-1227) was the great leader as he was successful in uniting nomadic Mongol-Turkic tribes under his rule through political manipulation and military might (1206). Genghis Khan ruled the Mongol Empire alone. The whole empire was divided into 95 administrative tumens, in each of which was 10,000 soldiers. Every thousand men divided into ten hundred, a hundred to tens. Large associations were managed by the family of Genghis Khan and noyon’s (the Mongol aristocracy). Militarily, the whole of Mongolia and its population was divided into three military administrative aimak: Right wing (Barungar), Left (Zhongar) and Centre (Cool). The basic law of the State was "Yasa" which consisted of two parts and included the word edification of Genghis Khan, the general laws, different rules and regulations. For "Yasa" supreme governing body was Kurultay.

Before dying, Genghis Khan divided his empire among his sons and family, but as custom made clear, it remained the joint property of the whole imperial family who constituted the ruling class. Mongols are very famous for their mastery in war craft and their massive invasions yet they were good not only in war, but also in culture and science. Most of what we know about the Mongols comes from Chinese, European, Armenian, Syrian, Persian, and Arabic secondary accounts, which contain first-hand observations as well as passages from Mongol writings that have been lost.

22) Social system, economy, ideology and political history of the Golden Horde

Formation of the Golden Horde Son Zhoshy – Batu undertook conquests in the West Desht–i–Kipchak, in the land of the Volga Bulgars, the Russian principalities. At 1235 he decided to march to the West. His military actions in the West lasted 7 years (1236-1242). At 1237 he successfully conducted military operations in Eastern Europe - Poland, Czech, Hungary. Under his authority were grounded territories to the lower reaches of the Danube, including Crimea. Throughout this vast territory from the headwaters of the Ob and Irtysh to the lower reaches of the Volga River and the Amu Darya Batu Khan was founded State Golden Horde, with its capital at Sarai-Batu (near Astrakhan), and later Saray-Berke (near Volgogroda).

Strengthening of the Golden Horde The people of the North Caucasus, the Crimea, the Russian principalities, some of Eastern European States have recognized its independence from the Golden Horde and were compelled to pay tribute.  Grew vigorously of the Golden Horde was in the reign of khans Burke and Uzbeks. Khan Berke had complete independence from the Mongol Empire, did not participate in Mongol kurultae’s, converted to Islam, strengthen ties with Muslim countries. 

Inherited by Berke Mengu-Temirkhan (1266-1280) concluded a peace treaty with Byzantium, contributing to the establishment of trade relations with the Golden Horde cities in the Mediterranean. When Mengu Khan was the ruler of the Golden Horde, the Orde began to mint their own coins.  Khan Tokty (1290-1312) revived the trade ties with Iran and the Caucasus countries, has strengthened political ties with the Egyptian Mamluk state.  The Golden Horde reached flourished during the reign of Uzbek Khan (1312-1242) and his son Zhanibek Khan (1342-1357). When they ruled cities were developed, were built mosques and other public buildings, open mosques. During the reign of Uzbek Khan Islam was declared the state religion. The main language in Golden Horde was Qypchaq.

The social system  Khan's power was inherited. The state consisted of ulus, which in turn are subdivided into smaller domains. Paperwork led by Turkic and Uighur script. The huge territory of the Golden Horde, cause difficulties in management. Therefore, the khans were forced to contain a huge bureaucracy. Civil authority at the state level and implemented ulus was Wazir. In the smaller ownership ruled Maliki. Copied the population, were recruited people for military service, and controlled the collection of taxes Darugha. Becky engaged in military leadership. Governed local people and made military supervision Baskaks. To address important public affairs in the Golden Horde met kurultai.

The weakening of the Golden Horde Infighting amplified in the Golden Horde in the second half of the XIV century. From 1357 for 1380 in the struggle for power were killed 20 khans. In 1380 Mamai khan and his troops defeated the Kulikov battle. Taking advantage of the weakening of the Horde, it power captures other descendant Zhoshy - Takhtamysh Khan. Trying his military victories to strengthen his power, he invades the Maurya, the Caucasus, makes trips to the Russian lands. At 1382 he burned Moscow. At the same time Maurya’s ruler Emir Timur (1380-1415) made several devastating campaigns in the Golden Horde, which further complicate an already precarious situation of the state.

In the middle of the XV in the Golden Horde there were Ak, Nogai Horde, Siberia, Kazan, Crimea, Astrakhan Khanate. The Mongol conquest was accompanied by destruction of the productive forces, the mass extermination of people. Were destroyed towns and villages, palaces and mosques, destroyed irrigation systems, abandoned cultivated fields, cities were not allowed "to have the walls and gates”. Thousands of craftsmen were abducted into slavery. The population suffered massive impoverishment and hunger. Establish more brutal than before forms of exploitation. Domination of the Mongol conquerors long delayed economic and cultural progress of the conquered countries.

23) Ak Orda – the state formed on the local ethnic basis

Due to a collapse of Mongol Empire new states were established by ethnical groups. One of them is Ak Orda which existed in 13-15 centuries. The capital was Signak city. A territory consisted of Orda-Ezhen’s and Shaiban’s lands, who were sons of Zhoshi. So, the territoty was between Ural River and West-Siberian lowland and also near Sirdarya River. Ak Orda was patriarchal and feudal state. Population was mainly Turkic. These were tribes who had been living on these lands for a long time and in the future they became a part of Kazakh nation. In the end of 14 century Ak Orda separated from Golden Orda. During the reign of Erzen, Mubarak, and Urus khan Ak Orda was isolating even more. In 1327-1328 Mubarak khan was making his own coins, and Golden Orda was putting obstacles in its way. In 60s of 14 century Urus khan began to govern. In 1394-1375 he conquered the capital city of Golden Orda and subordinated kamsk bulgars. However, Urus couldn’t have conqured Golden Orda entirely and came back in Ak orda because he was affraid of Tamerlan. On the way to Ak Orda he killed Tuj Hodzha. Hodzha’s son Tokhtamish was rescued by Tamerlan and when Urus khan died Tamerlan made Tokhtamish a ruler of Ak Orda. Afterweards, Golden Orda was subordinated to Ak Orda.

Near Sautan city Tokhtamish was defeated by Uruk khans son Timur-Malik. Tamerlan again supported Tokhtamish and in 1379 he killed Timur-Malik. This enbled him to conquer Signak. When Tokhtamish had reinforced his positions in Ak Orda he refused from Tamerlan’s support. In 79-80s of 14 century Tamerlan made around 10 marches on Ak Orda and weakened it. In 1395 Tamerlan allowed Urus’s son Koirichak Oglan to become a ruler of Ak orda.

Overall, enless marches made by Tamerlan had a huge negative effect on Ak Orda. The last khan of Ak orda tried to make Ak orda independent and conquered several cities near Sirdarya River, beat Tamerlan’s grandson Ulugbek. However, Abulkhair khan conquered the Desht-i-kipchak and established his own state. The other territory of Ak orda became a part of The Noghai Horde.

As for economic life of Ak Orda it was well-developed. Arable farming and half-nomadic cattle breeding. City culture was develpping swiftly during the reign of Erzen khan. He built mosques and medrese in Otrar, Sayiran, and Dzhent. He made Signak a center of trade among Middle Asia and Eastern Desht-i-Kipchak.

24) The state of nomadic Uzbeks. Establishment of the power of Shaibanids.

Shaybanid Uzbeks 1500-1599

The Shaybanid dynasty was a 16th-century Uzbek dynasty founded by Muhammad Shaybani. Speaking more generally, the term Shaybanids refers to all patrilineal descendants of Shayban (Shiban), the fifth son of Jochi and grandson of Genghis Khan. Until the mid-14th century, they acknowledged the authority of the descendants of Batu Khan and Orda Khan, such as Uzbek Khan. In 1282, the Shaybanid horde was converted to Islam and gradually assumed the name of Uzbeks.

As soon as the lineages of Batu and Orda died out in the course of the great civil wars of the 14th century, the Shaybanids declared themselves the only legitimate successors to Jochi and put forward claims to the whole of his enormous ulus, which included Siberia and Kazakhstan. Their rivals were the Timurids, who claimed descent from Jochi's thirteenth son by a concubine. Several decades of strife left the Timurids in control of the Great Horde .Unfazed by setbacks in Europe, one branch of the Shaybanids moved south into Transoxiana, from whence, after a century of conflict, they managed to oust the Timurids. It was Abu'l-Khayr Khan (ruled 1428-68) who began consolidating disparate Uzbek tribes, first in the area around Tyumen and the Tura River and then down into the Syr Darya region. But, Abdul Khayr was defeated in battle and only his grandson Shaybani Khan survived. Shaybani Khan established the Uzbeks in Samarkand and controlled what is now Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan and Tajikistan.. His grandson Muhammad Shaybani (ruled 1500-10) wrested Samarkand, Herat and Bukhara from Babur's control and established the short-lived Shaybanid Empire.ope, namely, the Khanates of Kazan, Astrakhan, and Crimea.

The other important Shaybanid ruler was Abdullah II, he gave the Shaybanid Uzbeks a lot of stability. The Shaybanid Uzbeks were a confederation and not a centralized empire like their neighbors. They were in competition and at war with both the Safavids and Mughals throughout their existence. They were allied with the Ottoman Empire against the Safavids. The Shaybanid Uzbeks power significantly after the death of the last Khan, but some Shaybanid Uzbeks continued to rule until the 18th century.

Another state ruled by the Shaybanids was the Khanate of Sibir, whose last khan, Kuchum, was deposed by the Russians in 1598. His sons and grandsons were taken by the Tsar to Moscow, where they assumed the name of the Tsarevichs Sibirsky.

25) Establishing and separation of the The Noghai Horde

The The Noghai Horde was founded in the end of 14 century after the Golden Horde collapsed and Ak Orde was weakening. The The Noghai Horde was situated between Volga and Yaik rivers (Western Kazakhstan). The capital city was Saraichik. This horde is written to have another name which is “Mangyt’s Yurt”. The main tribe of the horde was the mangyts, but there were many other tribes such as kypchaks, naimans, karluks and so on.

The name of the horde is derived from the name of a commander- Noghai. He was made a commander in Golden Orda during reign of 5 different rulers. A founder of the horde was a son of Noghai – Yedige. During his reign The Noghai Horde was gradually separating from Golden Orda. A son of Yedige Nur ad-Din made The Noghai Horde independent from Golden Orda.

An important role in The Noghai Horde establishement had Yedige, who did not have a right to reign in Golden Horde, but was virtually a ruler of Golden Orda. During that period he helped to The Noghai Horde to separate from Golden Orda. During that time people created an epos about Yedige.

Yedige has been ruling in The Noghai Horde for 15 years (1396-1411). He was at war with Tokhtamish for peace in Golden Orda and dominion of The Noghai Horde in nearby lands. During that time the territory of The Noghai Horde was expanded up to Western-Siberian lowland. Tribe named taybuga which was populating these lands was conquered by The Noghai Horde. Mangyts also reached Sirdarya River. A vivid example of this fact is that in 1446 the ruler of Uzgend city was mangyt.

In the beginning of 16 century a situation in The Noghai Horde started to worsen. In 1550s after Kazan, Astrakhan khanates have joint Russia, The Noghai Horde separated on 2 parts: Big Noghailinsk part eventually joint to Russian Empire during Boris Godunov reign, and Smaller Noghailinsk became a part of a junior zhuz.

To conclude, we can say that both the appearance of the Noghai Horde and its deterioration happened in a similar way. Its beginning is characterized by gradual separation from the Golden orda and it end happened in a similar way: division on two smaller parts and eventually, such state as the Noghai Horde disappeared.

26) Collapse of the Chaghatai state. South-Eastern Kazakhstan within Mogolistan

Mongol Empire was divided between 4 sons of the Great Hingis Khan. The territory of the south and south-east of Kazakhstan(Zhetysu) and also Middle Asia were part of Chagatai Khanate(1225-1370), ruled by the second son of Hingis Khan, Chagatai. He made the capital of his state at Almalik. Chagatai died in 1242, shortly after his brother Ögedei. Firstly after his death, power was passed to his grandson Khara-Khulag, but soon in 1246 his place took the eldest son Esumonke. In 60’s Mubarek and Borak khans, successors of Algu khan (grandson of Hingis Khan), took Islam in the state. During next decades attempts of different khans to strengthen the unity of Mongol domain could not prevent feudal fragmentation. Chagatai state was broken in two parts in the late 14th century: Mogolistan (in the east part of Chagatai Khanate including territory of South-east Kazakhstan and Kyrgystan) and state of emir Timur (in the west part of Chagatai Khanate on the territory of Maweverannahr).

Because the rulers could be only the descendants of Hingis-Khan the power of Mogolistan soon was given from Emir Puladchi to 18 years old Togluk Timur. He was the named as the first Khan and the founder of the dynasty of rulers of Mogolistan. The population of Mogolistan was called as moguls.

Togluk Timur made the centre of Mogolistan Almalyk. His main supporters were ulusbeks – this title was given to the head of the dulat’s dynasty. During his power islam became the state religion. Togluk Timur tried to restore his power on the whole territory of Chagatai ulus. In the end of 14th century there were several battles between the state of Emir Timur and Mogulistan. In the period of 1360 Togluk Timur died. In 1365 there was a famous fight called in the history as “Dirty Battle”, in which Ilyas-Hodga, son of Togluk Timur, prevailed. But in following years Mogolistan was extremely weakened. After gruelling invasions of Emir Timur on the territory of Mogolistan, the state of Togluk Timur disintegrated on several parts. However after the death of Emir Timur during the reign of Muhammed khan Mogolistan became again independent. Later during the power of Abd ar-Rashid there was a total decay of Mogolistan. The territory of Mogolistan went to Kazakh State.

27) Beginning of the Kazakh statehood. Role of Kerei and Zhanibek in expansion of political domination of the Kazakh khanate

Though the process of forming Kazakh nation was interrupted by invasions of Mongols in the beginning of 13th century, in the 14-15th centuries the process of generation of Kazakh nation was finished. The formation of ethnic territory, unity of Kazakh nation was contributed by the forming of Kazakh khanate in 16th century.

The Kazakh nation mostly formed where the nomadic and semi-nomadic cattle breeding, agriculture developed faster. Though there was the process of forming the unite nation, with close relationships between different ethnic groups, there were also constant wars continuing in fragmentation of Kazakh nation.

The formation of Kazakh Khanate is related to Abulhair Khanate and Mogolistan, and two names – Kerei and Zhanibek.

Esen-buga the ruler of Mogolistan wanted to strengthen his power in the state and to ensure the safety of his borders. That is why he helped Zhanibek and Kerei and gave them the territory of valley between rivers Chu and Talas, when they moved away from the territory of Eastern Desht-i Kypchak fron the state of Abulhair in the 15th century. After defeats from oirats the state of Abulhair crashed which caused the movement of Kazakh people from his state.

The beginning of Kazakh Khanate is referred to 1465-1466. Though Kerei and Zhanibek were both the descendants of Hingis-Khan, the title of ruler took the eldest one – Kerei. Zhanibek took the title of sultan – counsler of the Khan. The center of Kazakh Khanate was made Kozybasy on the river Chu. The term used to identify the population of Kazakh Khanate at that period – “nomadic uzbeks”. After the death of Esen-buga in 1462 the part of Kazakh nation in Mogolistan moved to Kazakh Khanate. Due to migration of nations on the territory of Kazakh Khanate, the population of the state grew rapidly. Because of this the by the 15th century the Kazakh Khanate became more powerful and strong economically and politically. In 1470 Kerei captured Turkistan and Zhanibek – Suzak. Soon Sauran also became the part of Kazakh Khanate.

These cities, Sygnak, Sauran and Suzak, played an important role in strengthen of Kazakh Khanate and took a significant part in the history of Kazakh Khanate.

During the rule of Kerei and Zhanibek the Kazakh Khanate flourished the process of unity of the nation continued. The agriculture also developed rapidly.

In the beginning of 16th century the title sultan was taken by the son of Zhanibek – Kasym Khan. The power of Kazakh Khanate was given to the son of Kerei – Burundulk.

28) The political rise of the Kazakh Khanate with Kasym Khan.

Since mid-15th to the end of 18th centuries Kazakh Khanate was a single political entity. It survived formation, and smaller periods of greater stability. The greatest power the Kazakh Khanate reached in the 1st quarter of 16th century when Khan Kasym came to power. Taking advantage of the defeat and death of Shaybani, Kasym consolidated his power in southern Kazakhstan. Kazakh Khanate acknowledged private property, especially the cattle, causing the process of wealth distribution, and the division of society into different social groups. The highest legislative authorities in the Kazakh Khanate were maslikhats - congresses of the Sultans and the community. Maslikhats met once a year and decided the most important public issues - the peace agreement, a declaration of war, the redistribution of grazing land, the routing of nomadic changes of settlements. Entire executive branch was in the hands of Khan. Khan was elected from maslikhats that belonges to the class of torus - the descendants of Genghis Khan, and performed his duties for life. There were cases when khans shifted or were evicted. In XV-XVI centuries Kazakh khans had broad powers arising from the functions performed by them. For example, Khan, as the Supreme leader, had the power to declare war, conclude peace, to dispose of the whole territory of the Khanate, to appoint heads of uluses and rulers of the cities. In addition, Khan had the right to impose the death penalty and make laws and orders for the entire population of the Khanate. Khan also has the Council of bii- a consultative body, which consisted of the most authoritative members of the community. Kazakh Khanate in 20-30-ies of XVI century, after the death of Kasym, disintegrated into several holdings. Territories along Syrdarya were owned by Togym Khan, grandson of Kasym. In 1538, Khan Togym with all the offspring had been killed, while in his place the son of Kasym - Hak-Nazar (1538-1580) was elected. 29) Ethnogenesis of the Kazakhs: main stages and accomplishment of ethno-cultural consolidation

Ethnogenesis of kazakhs was a long hystorical process, sprawling on for two and a half millenniums.

It occurred because of the long interaction of diverse nomadic tribes.

In ethnogenesis an important part was played firstly by Indo-Iranian tribes of the Bronze era.

In I millennium BC Kazakhstan was the zone of habitation of Iranian-speaking sak tribes.

In the first half of I millennium AD complex processes of turkisation occurred connected with migration of turkic tribes such as hunna and others on territory of Kazakhstan.

Finishing stage of turkisation was connected with inclusion of Kazakhstan in zone of influence of diverse turkic tribes from the middle of I millennium (жуань-жуаней, тюрков-тюцзюй, тюргеш и др.).

In 9-11 centuries political leadership in Kazakhstan belonged to oghuz, kimaks and karluks.

In 11-13 centuries the territory of Kazakhstan enters the zone of formation of Kypchak ethnocultural union.

In the middle of 12th century the tribes of kidan enter and in the beginning of 13th century –naiman and kereit.

This period is an early stage of formation of the characteristic phenoappearance for Kazakhs based on anthropological materials of Kazakhstan.

Mongolian conquest of the territory of Kazakhstan and later Mongolo-Tatar states (Altin Orda, Ak orda, Kok Orda, Mogulistan and etc.) rendered significant influence on ethnic processes, having caused migration, association and intermixing of different tribes and nationalities, in course of which mongols were completely assimilated with local turkic population.

In late 14th - beginning of 15th centuries majority of turkic tribes of Kazakhstan (кыпчак , аргын , найман , gelatins, кангл , кереит ) entered in structure of Uzbek and Nogai khanates.

With the appearance of Kazakh khanate in the second half of 15th century, the ethodenetic process that lasted for 15 centuries finally ended with Kazakh ethnicity fully formed and set. Later, in its structure three economic-cultural associations appeared, with each including a group of tribes and occupiing a separate area: Zhetisu– Senior Zhuz (улы жуз), Central Kazakhstan – Middle Zhuz (орта жуз) and Western Kazakhstan – Junior Zhuz (кіші жуз).

30) Role of Khaknazar-Khan in the restoration of political influence of the Kazakh khanate

Middle and second half of the XVI is associated in the history of the Kazakh Khanate with continious but not always successful territorial wars with Mogolistan, the Nogai Horde and Bukhara. In this difficult period there was a great need for strong-willed leader who would have managed to strengthen and unite the scattered and weakened part of the khanate.

Such leader was Khaknazar Khan, son of Kasym Khan, a grandson of Zhanibek Khan.

As it is known, in the middle of the XV, Golden Horde started to divide into several parts, three of which - the Nogai Horde, Astrakhan and Kazan Khanate are directly related to the period, the history of the Kazakhs.

Nogai Horde in the mid-sixteenth century. was one of the most influential public entities that have emerged from the wreckage of the Golden Horde. In itself, the Horde experienced a constant internal struggle for power over the many nomadic masses, who inhabited the limits of the khanate. In 1569 Khaknazar made the attack on foot. As a result of victories border of the Kazakh Khanate expanded to land between the rivers and Edil and Zhaiyk. The khanate allocated some part of the Bashkir people who refused to accept Russian rule. A few years before Bashkir Khanat was destroyed by Khaknazar Chagatai army. Khaknazar troops kept in constant tension rulers Tashkent. At the same time unfolding struggle with the Siberian Khan Sheibanids Kuchum. In the north-east Kazakhs Khaknazar Khan opposed the troops Kalmak.

By the time the Board Khaknazar Khan and include such important phenomena as the creation of three Kazakh life hereafter. Khaknazar understand how difficult it is good to manage such a vast country from a single center. Therefore, he introduced administrative division into three zhuz: Senior - Seven Rivers, Middle - North Balkhash from the mountains to Karkaraly Mugojar mountains, and Junior - Basin Jayik and Caspian steppes. Turkestan town and arable land were divided among three zhuz for the residence in the winter seasons. The lower reaches of the Syr Darya river retreated junior zhuzu, midstream - Middle and upper to Tashkent - Senior. It was a wise and farsighted move.

After 42 years of ruling a country Khaknazar Khan went down in history as a man of talent, strong-willed, who managed to win a high reputation among the people. During his Kazakh Khanate reached great success in economic development, increased population. And yet, because of the extremely unfavorable internal and external environment, trying to create a centralized Khaknazar Kazakh state at the end of XVI century did not lead to success.

Khaknazar Khan has made tremendous efforts to continue the policy of "gathering lands", led by his father, Kasym. Since the task was difficult because of the difficult foreign policy situation, Khaknazar had all the time to restore the rights to the land of the Kazakhs, who were once in possession of his father's huge. What was the difficulty of the situation? In the Kazakh lands flooded aggressive flow of Siberian Tatars, Nogai, Bashkir. In Semirechye Khanate threatened Oirats on the Syr Darya - Karakalpaks. From the north, after the conquest of Siberia, Kazan, Astrakhan khanate, was approaching the Russian state. On the territory of Turkestan Kazakhs constantly threatened by the Uzbeks.

In the Kazakh shezhire subsequent events are described as follows: "After Khaknazar Khan was folloed by Shygay, Khanate was not as powerful as before. After he ascended to the throne by his son Tauekel. He won the war with the Uzbeks. Sart in the war against the Kazakhs could not win and weakened. Tauekel subjugated Tashkent, Turkestan, Andijan and Samarkand, has translated the Horde and the throne in Tashkent