Exercise 10. Find the appropriate sentence endings:
Infectious diseases is caused by ...
But the human organism is known to have a specific capacity of ...
Under various conditions immunity may be entirely lacking, it may be relative, rarely it may be ...
In the course of their growth in the body many microorganisms produce ...
To meet the infection the cells of the body produce ...
If the toxin can be isolated from bacterial cultures and injected into men...
The cellular elements of the tissues also take an active part in ...
The presence of any infection usually produces ...
If the reaction against invading bacteria is insufficient, vaccines may be injected ...
Vaccines are employed to contribute to ...
the invasion and growth of microorganisms in the human body.
the treatment of a disease.
leucocytosis.
virulent poisons or toxins.
a chemical antidote.
an artificial immunity can be produced.
the protection of the organism against the infection.
subcutaneously.
resistance against infection.
absolute.
Exercise 12. Translate the following word combinations into English:
Вторгнення мікрогоранізмів, виникати внаслідок прямого контакту, особлива здатність організму людини, природній імунітет, протидія інфекціям, постійний захист, перебіг хвороби, отруйні речовини, характерні симптоми, достатня кількість антидоту, страждати від інфекційних хвороб, викликати бути причиною) лейкоцитоз, перешкоджати розповсюдженню бактерій, вводити ліки підкожно, опір захисного механізму, сприяти успішному лікуванню.
Exercise 13. Put the verbs in brackets in the appropriate tense. Translate the sentences:
1. The bacteriologist was sure that the blood smear (to reveal) cocci. 2. If it (to be) a severe form of diphtheria it would be characterized by general prostration, cardiac depression and even anaemia. 3. The physician did not doubt that the smear culture (to reveal) diphtheria bacilli. 4. Had the temperature been accompanied by vomiting, headache and chills the diagnosis of diphtheria (to be) possible. 5. If Anton Leeuwenhock (1632-1723) ['liu:anhuk] (not to discover) the specific power (силу) of lenses, he should not have seen the world of microbes.6. The patient's sclerae were yellow as if he (to have) jaundice. 8. Chronic gastritis
( not to be) so dangerous to life if the patient were not so young. 9. If the patient (to infect) with food poisons he would have suferred from acute abdominal pains. 10. If chemopharapy (not to discontinue) last week liver damage would have become to severe.
Additional text.
Exercise 14. Read the text and translate it into Ukrainian. Put questions to the underlined words or parts of the sentences:
History of immunology
Paul Ehrlich (14 March 1854 – 20 August 1915) was a German scientist in the fields of hematology, immunology, and chemotherapy, and Nobel laureate. He is noted for discovering the syphilis treatment salvarsan, the first drug targeted against a specific pathogen, and for his research in autoimmunity, calling it "horror страх autotoxicus". He coined the term chemotherapy and popularized the concept of a magic bullet.
Immunology is a science that examines the structure and function of the immune system. It originates from medicine and early studies on the causes of immunity to disease. The earliest known reference to immunity was during the plague of Athens in 430 BC. Thucydides noted that people who had recovered from a previous bout приступ of the disease could nurse the sick without contracting the illness a second time. In the 18th century, Pierre-Louis Moreau de Maupertuis made experiments with scorpion скорпіон venom and observed that certain dogs and mice were immune to this venom. This and other observations of acquired immunity were later exploited експлуатувати by Louis Pasteur in his development of vaccination and his proposed germ theory of disease. Pasteur's theory was in direct opposition протилежність to contemporary сучасний; theories of disease, such as the miasma theory. It was not until Robert Koch's 1891 proofs доказ, for which he was awarded a Nobel Prize in 1905, that microorganisms were confirmed as the cause of infectious disease. Viruses were confirmed as human pathogens in 1901, with the discovery of the yellow fever virus by Walter Reed.
Immunology made a great advance towards the end of the 19th century, through rapid developments, in the study of humoral immunity and cellular immunity. Particularly important was the work of Paul Ehrlich, who proposed the side-chain theory to explain the specificity of the antigen-antibody reaction; his contributions to the understanding of humoral immunity were recognized by the award of a Nobel Prize in 1908, which was jointly доказ awarded to the founder of cellular immunology, Elie Metchnikoff.
Exercise 15. Translate the sentences into English using active vocabulary:
Здорова імунна система захищає наш організм від бактерій і вірусів і попереджає розвиток раку, руйнуючи патологічні клітин.
Недостатня активність імунної системи підвищує розвиток вірусних інфекцій; підвищує втомлюваність і розвиток хронічної втоми; сприяє виникненню алергічної реакції і алергічних станів.
Надлишок активності імунної системи може також призвести до хвороби, як, наприклад, ревматоїдний артрит.
Дослідження останніх років показали, що недостатність та надлишок розвитку імунної системи можуть бути скоректовані завдяки правильному харчуванню.
Нормальний стан імунної системи залежить від правильного харчування.
Провідну роль в підвищенні імунного стану організму мають такі речовини: вітамін С — має імуностимулюючий ефект, збільшує вироблення антитіл і швидкість дозрівання імунних клітин; цинк — життєво необхідний для утворення і функціонування імунних клітин; бета-каротин — перетворюється в організмі у вітамін А, він допомагає захистити клітини імунної системи від пошкоджувальної дії вільних радикалів і також має імуностимулюючу дію.