Лексикология английского

Semantics meaning and consept.

lexical meaning.

gtammatical meaning.

polycemy.

Lexicology has a spesial bransh witsh stadies the meaning of the word- it is colled semantics.

Semantics deals with everything that the listener has to know in order to understand what the speaker said.

Semasiology is conerned with the meaning of words stadyes the types of meaning the change of meaning, the semantic structure of words, synonims. antonims, homonims

It is very difficud to defined meaning.

There are 3 main approches to meaning:

functional approch-the meaning of the word is it's use in the language.

psycholinguistic.

Meaning is a 2 side unit. one side is thought and the other side is sound.

In a language we can nether divide sound from thought, nor thought from sound.

Linguistics operates on the border line where the elements of thoughts and sounds combine.

Referensial approush.

The referensial model of meaning is the socolled basic semantic traingly the chatacterictics of this approch is that it distinguishes between the 3 components closely connected with meaning. the sound form of the lingyistic sciens the consept and the referent. the referent is the object of reality, to whish the linguistic sience refers

The concept is the essential propeties of the object, which are reflected in human mind.

Meaning is closely connected with all parts of the simantic tryangle, but can't be equoted with any of them.

Generally speaking meaning can be dicribed as a component of the word through witsh the concept is communakated.

Meaning and cosept are very closely asotiated, but not identical, meaning is a linguistic category, consept is anlogical and psyhologogal category, a unit of thinking.

The meanings of words however are different in different languages.

f.e.g words expressing identical consepts may have different menings and symantic structures.in different. lenguages.

The consept of a building of human habitation is expressed in English by the word "house".

in Russian be the word "Дом"

But the meaning of the english word isn't identical, with that of the Russian,as house doesnt pusses the meaning of fixed residens of family or house hold.

whish is one of the meanings of the Russian word "дом"

It is expressed by another English polosemantic word namely "home", whish pusseses a number of other meanings not to be found in the Russian word "Дом".

Concept is emotional and stylysticaly neutral.

Meaning may enclude non conseptial parts, for example peth formsberdy(птичка).

The numder of consepts doesent correspond to the numder of words and meanings.

One concept may be expressed by several sinonimas words: child, kid, enfant.

One polisemantic word may express several consepts for example the werb "to dray"

move by pulling, to draw the boat out of the water.

2'ed abtein from a sourse - to draw water from a whell.

3'ed consept - make with a pen, pensil or cholk, f.ex: to drow a straight line.

Some words do not express consepts at all.

There are 2 main types of meaning they are: grammatical and lexical meanings.

The lexical meaning is the material meaning of a word, this is a meaning that consept of a word.

By the lexical meaning the word expresses the basic properties of the thing the word denotes.

Lexical meaning is identical in all the forms of the word,

f. e.x the word forms: "gow, goes, going, gone" pusess dificuld grammatical meanigs of tense but in eash of this perce we found one and the same. ..simantic component

denoting the process of movement.

This is the lexical meaning of the word, the lexical meaning if the word, falls into 2.

1'st tne denotative meaning

2'ed the conotative meaning.

Denotative meaning makes communicating possible, because word denote things consepts and name them.

F.ex the denotative meaning of the word "table" is a pease of furniture consistings. .. with 4 lags.

Conatative may be shortly difind as emotiolal and evaluative component of the lexical meaning.

Compering the meanings of english words well nown famous "notorios" we see that all this words express the denotative meaning widely known.

but the word "famous" has oppositive evoluative meaning and "notorios" has a negative evoluation.

Denotative of referentional meaning is the words reference to the object.

This referense may be individual - the dog is trained.

Аnd the reference may be general. f.eg its not a dog.

In this example the referferent is a concept and this is a significative meaning.

the demonstriative meaning is a spesial characreristic.

where words so often serve to identify particular elements of reality.

f.eg: do you remember what the young lady did with the telegram?

here the connection with reality is direct

Significative meanings may be found in aforisms proverbs and saims (поговорки)

Grammatical meaning is a general abstract meaning whish unites classes of forms of words and plases a linguistic unit in a grammatical category or a grammatical class of words.

Word forms such as: girls, winters, bous, tables, etc..are donating widely differents objects of reality have something in common.

This ocmmon element is the gtamatical mening of whish can be found in all of them.

everey word belongs to a definit part of speech and every part of speech, has a certain grammatical categories.

the gramatical meaning unites words, into big groups, such as parts of speech.

lexical meaning is individual the grammatical is general

thou lexical and grammatical meanings co-exist

In the word, and are intodependent.

Lexical meaning affects grammatical meaning.

relative adjectives has no degrees of comparasen.

state words are not used in progressive tenses

grammatical meaning affects lexical meaning f.e.g different meanings of the polisemanthic word go has his own grammatical peculiarities

he has gone to China. so he moved to China.

they are going to get marry soon.

conbinability of the word depends both it's lexical and grammatical meaning. e.g the noun tee combiens with strong by not the strongly.

grammatical form may be isolated from the paradigm and become lexicolased.

lexical meaning may be grammaticalised f.eg some notional werbs may be used as lincwords.

give a smile

Besides the lexical and grammatical meanings, we can observe differential, functional, and distribytional meanings of the word.

differentiating meaning is the semantic component, that serves to distinguish, one word from other.

in words co taining the same morphemes. f.eg note book, the morpheme"note" servs to distinguish the word from other words

exersises book, copy book. boock chalve, book case..

the functional meaning maybe sign in direvetinal morphemes, if we see the words, with the suffices meant, ei, ety we see that they are nouns.

the distributional meaning is found in all words, having more than one morpheme.

it is found in the erengment and order of morphemes.

making up the word f.eg the word "techer"

different types or the lexical meaning of one and the same word are considered it,s lexico-semantic variants.

Onomesiology

Is the stydy of names and neimings,

also a branch of semantics, conserned with, related words and their meanings.

beginnig with a particular object the study proseeds to investigate, the varies signifies

designating this meaning.

an example of the onomosiologocal appro would be a stydy of the various names in different dialects used to desinate a particular plant or animal spisies.

(french fries картошка фри)

While a simisiological qestion is what is the meaning of the term ships?

polisemy words as a rule are not units of a single meaning.

monosemantic words, i.e. words having only one meaning are comparatively few in number.

most of english words are polosimantic, that is to say pusses more than one meaning.

polosemy is the pluarity of meanings.

polisemy exists in the language but not in speesh.

the word table f.eg. has at lesat 9 meanings in modern english.

1 - a peas of furniture

2 - the person sited at a table,

3 - the food poot on a table

4 - a thin flat pease as stone, metal, woob

5 - slabs of stone

6 - words cut into them or ritten on them. the 10 tables.

part of a macheen tool on whish the work is put to be operated on.

The semantic srtucture of the wors is the system of unity of all of the types of meaning, that a sertain wors pusesses, does in the semantic structure or the word with 3 lecksico grammarical variants may be distinguish.

the 3'ed is a collactive noun young man and weemen having only one form.

If viewed diochronically polisemy is understood as a shange as a semantic structure of the word.

a word may vretain it's previous meaning or meanings and at the same time aquie one or several new ones.

iIn the cause of a diachronic cymantic analysis, of the polisemantic word table it ternd out that the primary meaning of the words is: a flat, slab of stone, or wood.

All other meanings are 2'ed aryas they are derived from the primary meaning of the word appeared later then the primary meaning.

Sinchronically polosemybis understod as the coexistans of various meanings of the word at a sertain period of time.

The main problem of polisemy is to establish wheather all the meanings of a word are equally important.

We divide the meaning of a word into two major or basic and minor meaning.

In most cases the surrounding context points out quite clearly which the meanings of a word is intended. 1 ex. It is a fox.

Here it the pronoun shows meaning lisa. He is a fox. The presence of pronoun he shows that fox in the meaning of hitrui. She will fox him. We find the meaning from the position of fox.it stands after word befor the direct object him.here the meaning is obmanuvat. The meaning which is not dependent on context is the major or basic. and which are dependenf on the context are minor meaning.

The word silly in old English like sêlig with the sence of happy head by the 15C. the sence of deserving of pity.

and then developed to ignorant and later foolish the 2ed type of extra liguistic curses ward is cucologoca.

sometimes people don't realize that they use euphemisms.

f.eg we say lady's room instead of the lavatry.

the word bathroom is a euphemism(смягчает значение) fo the word toilet

Linguistic corses of semantic change a factors acting within the laguage system. one of this facrors is the differenciation of sinonims.

whis is connected with borrouing.

f.eg the OE word deer meant any animal when beast was borrowed from Fransh.