5. Read a text about transport - environment link and render it in Russian.

The relationships between transport and the environment are multidimensional. Some aspects are unknown and some new findings may lead to drastic changes in environmental policies, as it did in regards of acid rain and chlorofluorocarbons in the 1970s and 1980s. The 1990s were characterized by a realization of global environmental issues, epitomized by the growing concerns between anthropogenic effect and climate change. Transportation also became an important dimension of the concept of sustainability, which is expected to become the prime focus of transport activities in the coming decades, ranging from vehicle emissions to green supply chain management practices. These impending developments require a deep understanding of the reciprocal influence between the physical environment and transport infrastructures and yet this understanding is often lacking. The main factors considered in the physical environment are geographical location, topography, geological structure, climate, hydrology, soil, natural vegetation and animal life.

Progress test 3. Keys. Time – 45 min. Total score 50.

Ex. 1. Score 10.

1-I; 2-f; 3-j; 4-a; 5-h; 6-e; 7-d; 8-b; 9-c; 10-g

Ex. 2. Score 8.

1-b; 2-d; 3-a; 4-c.

Ex. 3. Score 10.

1. faster, more environmentally friendly

2. the most popular

3. slower, quieter

4. harder

5. greener

6. most sustainable

7. cleaner

8. higher

Ex. 4. Score 12.

1. F You can see that air travel produces a great deal more pollution than other forms of transport.

2. T

3. F There’s a small difference in the amount of hydrocarbons released by tracks and ships.

4. F Cargo ships produce a little fewer nitrogen oxides that other forms of transport.

5. T

6. F Cargo ships account for the smallest amounts of carbon monoxide but road transport accounts for the highest amounts of particulates.

Ex. 5. Score 10.

Possible answer

Отношения между транспортом и окружающей средой многомерны. 1990-е годы отмечены глобальными экологическими проблемами, связанными с зависимостью климатических изменений от воздействия человека на окружающую среду. Сегодня транспорт стал одним из важнейших аспектов концепции устойчивого развития, связанной с деятельностью транспортной отрасли по снижению негативного влияния выхлопных газов и экологически рациональному управлению цепочками поставок. Это потребует глубокого понимания механизмов взаимовлияния физической среды и транспортной инфраструктуры. Основные факторы физической среды: географическое положение, рельеф, геологическая структура, климат, гидрология, грунт, растительный и животный мир.