- •The translation of monosemantic words
- •Translation of technical texts
- •1St approach
- •2Nd approach
- •Translation of Polysemantic words
- •Translation of pseudo international words
- •Translation of non-equivalents
- •Culture bound words
- •Translation of words with emotive meaning
- •The rendering of stylistic meaning in translation
- •Translation of phraseological units
- •Translating grammar phenomena
- •Grammatical equivalents in translation
- •*He lives in Moscow – He lived in Moscow
- •Grammatical transformations in translation
- •Transposition
- •Replacement
- •The vague nature of the English syntax
- •*Do you expect me to sleep (1) with you (2) in the room?
- •*He can go there, can’t he?
- •Clauses
- •Mixed paragraph
- •Equivalence and adequacy
- •Jacobson and his concept of equivalence
- •Naida. Theory of formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence
- •John Catford. Introduction of translation shifts
- •Substitution and ellipsis
- •Levels of equivalence and the concept of adequate translation
- •Different approaches to translation w riter
- •The classification of literature
- •Socio-semiotic approach to translation
Socio-semiotic approach to translation
The socio-semiotic approach helps the translator understand not only the meanings of the words, sentences, discourse structures, but also the symbolic nature of them. It emphasizes the fact that everything about the message carries meaning. There is a unity of the text & context (linguistic & non-linguistic). Some scholars classify the functions of language into expressive, informative, vocative, phatic & metalingual. Speaking about the meanings we may classify them into 3 dimensions.
Of semantics
Of syntax
Of pragmatics
In this respect we may speak about referential, linguistic & pragmatic-associative meanings. This approach deals not only with what & how people say or do smth but also on when & in what context. So it focuses on a large scale of social consequences of words & actions.
According to this approach verbal signs have 3 types of meaning.
Designative, which indicates the relationship of verbal signs & their reference.
Linguistic, which indicates the relationship between signs.
Pragmatic, which indicates the relationship between verbal signs & their interpretation.
(The table impressed me much)
The clear distinction of those 3 meanings can help to recognize the entire style of a novel or a short story. First the translator should examine the author’s choice of words. The translation should always explore the reader’s interpretation & potential social consequences.
Translator should recognize the pragmatic meaning in order to reproduce the authorial style of the original properly.
According to this approach the text is a semantic unit with meaning & function, which can be represented in systematic sense. A novel/short story is actually a unity of meaning, style & function, which cannot be taken separately. This unity can be expressed according to the 6 functions of language:
Expressive. The core is the mind of the author, his/her worldview, the purpose of the prose fiction.
Informative. The core is the external situation, the facts of a topic, reality outside the language including reported ideas or theories of prose fiction.
Vocative. The core is the readership, the expected consequences of the author’s work.
Aesthetic. It’s designed to please the senses & provide fun through the use of figures of speech.
Phatic. It often relates to speech & dialogues, which is used for maintaining a friendly contact with the audience, rather than for importing information.
Metalingual. It indicates language’s ability to explain, name & criticize it’s own features. It’s seldom connected to functional language.