- •The translation of monosemantic words
- •Translation of technical texts
- •1St approach
- •2Nd approach
- •Translation of Polysemantic words
- •Translation of pseudo international words
- •Translation of non-equivalents
- •Culture bound words
- •Translation of words with emotive meaning
- •The rendering of stylistic meaning in translation
- •Translation of phraseological units
- •Translating grammar phenomena
- •Grammatical equivalents in translation
- •*He lives in Moscow – He lived in Moscow
- •Grammatical transformations in translation
- •Transposition
- •Replacement
- •The vague nature of the English syntax
- •*Do you expect me to sleep (1) with you (2) in the room?
- •*He can go there, can’t he?
- •Clauses
- •Mixed paragraph
- •Equivalence and adequacy
- •Jacobson and his concept of equivalence
- •Naida. Theory of formal correspondence and dynamic equivalence
- •John Catford. Introduction of translation shifts
- •Substitution and ellipsis
- •Levels of equivalence and the concept of adequate translation
- •Different approaches to translation w riter
- •The classification of literature
- •Socio-semiotic approach to translation
The classification of literature
The literature may be classified so:
Epic. It’s characterized by the action, which should be entire. The character should be distinguished & the episodes should easily arise from the main fable. But the main thing is that it renders life as truth that had happened to the character or to the author in the past & the author deals with it as with some clear- cut period of time in the past. Novel, short story, long story, essay.
Lyric. It’s a poem directly expressing the author’s thoughts & emotions. The direct appeal is the main thing that distinguishes the lyric from the epic. Ballade, ode, elegy, sonnet etc.
Drama. It’s letting one’s characters speak without any utterance from the author. Tragedy, comedy, family chronicle.
There are some genres that are present in one culture & absent in the other. We should look for approximations & find out if it is a SL or TL oriented translation.
Imagery – words & sentences that produce clear vivid mental pictures.
In literature the term has much more restricted meaning, referring to the use of figurative language. There are 2 types of figurative meaning: the effect, which changes the structure of language without affecting its meaning (rhyme) & the effect that does affect the meaning (metaphor, epithet, simile etc.).
During the past 2 or 3 decades the development in the fields of transformation of grammar, general & contrastive linguistic, semantics, the informational theory, anthropology, semiotics, psychology, & discourse analysis have exerted great influence on general translation theory, enabling this discipline to broaden the areas of investigation & to offer fresh insights into the concept of comparative analysis of linguistic & cultural systems. More attention has been paid to the translation process as such. Quite recently some new ideas have been promoted to develop the skill of literary translation & poetry in particular.
Prose fiction is not true to fact. Literature deals with generalized experience. Prose fiction is written to be read rather than to be performed. The events can run into different forms (satirical, gothic etc.). It’s possible to generalize some features of prose fiction as such.
Narrative technique. It’s all information, relating to the manipulation of the point of view in the work. It’s the choice of events & facts, the location of events & facts in time & space, the choice of order (chronological or logical).
Characterization. It’s information about characters, any indication that characters are changing or developing, significant new information about the characters. The character may be described by the author, by other characters, by his own actions & language. The character may be static.
Theme. It’s the moral problems, issues, raised for the character or for the reader or for both.
Plot. It’s an ordered, organized sequence of events & actions.
Style. As for prose fiction there are 2 types of style. Authorial style is related to the meaning in a general way. Talking about style, people usually mean Authorial style, in other words a way of writing that recognizably belongs to a particular writer. When we examine text style we need to examine linguistic choices, which are intrinsically connected with the meaning & the effect upon the reader. Areas like lexical & grammatical patterning, discourse coherence & cohesion, & figures of speech should be explored in details. Sometimes even a seemingly insignificant commonality can become important in interpretative terms.
Translation from one tongue to another is altogether too complicated & mysterious, & still it’s possible to distinguish the nature of fiction translation from the others. The translation of fiction deals not only with bilingual but also bicultural transference including the entire complex of emotions, associations, ideas, which intrinsically relate different nations’ languages to their lifestyles & traditions.
What is the core of fiction translation?
It involves exchange of social experience of individuals in the fictional world with readers in other cultures & societies. Both the social & the authorial factors are emphasized in the process of fiction translation. Therefore the reproduction of style is considered the core of translation of fiction. It’s also a difficult task to explore the style of a novel/short story & the message the author conveys about social life, human relationships etc.