In e sometimes pairs of words are used. They are often rendered by one word only,

e.g. just and equitable treatment of all nations

справедливе ставлення до всіх націй (Статут ООН)

Ambiguity means the deliberate use of a word or phrase that has two or more meanings. It is the basis for a lot of wordplay and puns. It is practically impossible to render. It can only be compensated for in translation,

e.g. Is life worth living? It depends on the liver.

A rhetorical question is a question to which the answer is obvious and therefore not expected. In reality rhetorical questions are a kind of statement,

e.g. Don’t we all love peace and hate war? Shouldn’’t we try to be friendlier towards each other?

Hyperbole means obvious and deliberate exaggeration. Its pur­pose is to emphasize something or to pro­duce a humorous effect.

I loved Ophelia: forty thousand brothers / Could not, with all their quantity of love / Make up my sum.

An understatement is the deliberate presentation of something as being much less important, valuable etc. than it really is.

“These figures are a bit disappointing” instead of “These figures are disastrous (katastrophal).”

“He was quite upset” instead of “He went into a terrible rage”.

A paradox is a statement that seems to be self-contradictory or opposed to common sense. On closer examina­tion it mostly reveals some truth.

The child is father of the man. (Wordsworth) It is awfully hard work doing nothing. (Wilde)

An oxymoron is a combination of openly contradictory words and meanings.

“O hateful love! O loving hate!” / “I burn and freeze like ice.”

Zeugma occurs when a word (usually a verb or an adjective) has the same grammatical relation to two or more other words, but a different meaning in each application,

e.g. with weeping eyes and hearts

A.Pope’s character from “The Rape of the Lock” [will never perhaps] “stain her honour, or her new brocade”

Another feature of vivid language is rhythm. Rhythm is created with the following stylistic devices:

Alliteration, which is very widely used in E but is uncommon in U/R, is the repetition of a consonant at the beginning of neighbouring words. It has three functions:

1. the euphonic one, coinciding in E and U/R

2. the logical one (to point the close connection between the epithet and the defined object,

e.g. silent sea, dusty death, etc. (Coleridge)

Ночное небо над Невой (Пушкин)

3. to attract attention (often in titles),

e.g. Sense ans Sensibility (J. Austen)

Pen, Pencil and Poison (O. Wilde)

It is almost always impossible to render,

e.g. Rolls on the Rocks – Банкрутство компанії “Роллс-Ройс”

Britain’s Biggest Bazaar – небачений у Британії розпродаж товарів

It can be compensated for by using such devices as, for instance, rhyme,

e.g. Buttler: donnish, dignified and dull.

Баттлер: академичен, приличен и скучен.

Antithesis establishes a clear, contrasting relationship between two ideas by joining them together or changing their places in a sentence,

e.g. Let us never negotiate out of fear. But let us never fear to negotiate. (J. Kennedy)