2. The Problem of Stylistic Devices

Different functions of the stylistic devices in different l-ges do not always coincide in usage and frequency.

One feature of vivid language is imagery. Imagery is created with the following stylistic devices:

Simile is a kind of comparison in which two things are compared because they have something in common though they are in all other respects different. The imaginative comparison is explicitly made with the help of like or as,

e.g. She walks like an angel. I wandered lonely as a cloud.

Freedom is like a drum; strike it anywhere and it resounds everywhere.(Adlai Stevenson)

Metaphor is a comparison between two things which are basically quite different without using the words like or as. While simile says that one thing is like another, a metaphor says that one thing is another. It is obligatory to translate in fiction where it has an original, fresh-created character, in newspapers, etc. In any case the tr-tor should compensate the metaphor.

P. Newmark differentiates 6 types of metaphors:

1. dead metaphor - with words: top, bottom, mouth, hand, arm, circle, drop, rise, fall,

e.g. field of human knowledge, bottom of the hill,

2. cliché metaphor: a breakthrough, a jewel of the crown,

3. stock/standard metaphor: to oil the wheels, to be in giving humour, loads/tons/heaps of food,

4. adapted metaphor: to carry coal to Newcastle (porter de l’eau a la Riviere), ехать в Тулу…, sandcastles (in U/R, French, Spanish, Portugese, German, etc.)

5. recent metaphor: neologisms,

e.g. groovy, fab – for “good”

brain-drain, head-hunting

buck = dollar

straight

Walkman (trade name)

6. original metaphor (created by the SL author) is characteristic of E fiction/newspaper style:

e.g. window of opportunity (“Guardian”)

Personification is a kind of metaphor in which animals, plants, inanimate objects or abstract ideas are represented as if they were human beings and possessed human qualities,

e.g. Justice is blind. Necessity is the mother of invention.

Metonymy is the substitution of the whole with the name of its part. It is very difficult to render often due to the lingual and stylistic norms of each l-ge

e.g. So the pink sprigged muslin and the champaigne voile ran downstairs in a hurry

«розовый муслин и палевая кисея сбежали по лестнице»;

Other examples of metonymy are: ‘’blue collars’’ , ‘’white collars’’ – „блакитні комірці”, „білі комірці”.

Allusion is n indirect reference to people or things outside the text in which it occurs, without mentioning them explicitly,

e.g. the title of E. Hemingway’s novel “For Whom the Bell Tolls” is an allusion to a poem by John Donne.

Two beer or not two beer… (W. Shakesbeer)

Parallellism/reduplication is the deliberate repetition of similar/identical words or phrases in neighbouring lines, sentences or paragraphs. It is more frequent in E than in U/R.Attempts should be made to compensate it:

e.g. Stop! Stop! Stop! Stop! Stop! (Th. Hardy)

Перестаньте, сию минуту перестаньте! Да перестаньте же!