1. Topical vocabulary

1. Ancient древний

2. To be originated from созданный из

3. Settlement поселение

4. In accordance with в соответствии с

5. Fair ярмарка

6. Merchant купец

7. Craftsman ремесленник

8. Roots корни

9. Prosperous trade процветающая торговля

10. To be engaged in заниматься

11. Cattle breeding скотоводство

12. On approval by по одобрению

13. Location местоположение

14. Availability доступность

15. To occur происходить

16. To be prompted by побуждать

17. Further дальнейший

18. Expansion расширение

19. To be decisive быть решающим

20. Proximity близость

Ex.1. Read the text and give a short summary of it.

Ex.2. Replace the parts in italics by synonyms.

The ancient name of the place, it is originated from the name of, it was convenient, one could meet merchants from all over Kazakhstan, produced by local craftsmen, the young state turned to the history, the ancestors the city received back its original name, numerous caravan routs gave birth to cities, the event occurred on, overall condition of the city, all these factors came to be decisive in making the choice.

Ex.3. Find in the text English equivalents for the following.

Известен как, совет представителей, военное сооружение, ярмарка, молочные продукты, определяет название, предки, впоследствии, принимать решение, основная причина, перекресток, электроснабжение.

Ex.4. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text.

1. The ancient … the place where Astana is situated today … as Karaotkel.

2. The caravan ford …. river to Karaotkel was convenient.

3. The wide assortment of …. products ….. by local craftsmen.

4. The young state turned …. history and the lost original roots.

5. According to …. Akmola steppes have always been a territory of … communication of various nations and cultures.

6. That decision was caused by …. location of the city in the centre of Kazakhstan and Eurasian continent

Grammar: The Infinitive Constructions.

Uses of the Infinitive.

1. The Infinitive may be used alone: We began to walk down the road.

2. The Infinitive may be the subject of a sentence.

3. The Infinitive may be the complement of a verb: His plan is to keep the affair secret.

4. The Infinitive may be the object or part of the object of a verb: He wants to pay or He wants me to pay.

5. The Infinitive can be used after certain adjectives: angry, glad, happy, sorry, fortunate, likely, lucky.

6. The Infinitive can be used with too/ enough.

Ex.5. Translate into English.

1. The first question to be considered is whether the offer of the sellers should be accepted.2. A committee headed by B. began to work out a resolution to be presented to the conference.3. The plan of our work will be discussed at the meeting to be held on may 25.4. The buyers agreed to accept the goods at a price to be fixed by arbitration.5. We stopped to have a smoke.6. Please send us your instructions at once to enable us to ship the machines by the 20^th May.

Ex.6. Translate into Russian.

1. Гулять в саду очень приятно. 2. Даже мысль об этом причиняло ему страдание.3. Когда ее узнавали, она испытывала большую радость.4. Бесполезно обсуждать этот вопрос.5. Чтобы лучше понять это правило, я прочел его несколько раз.6. Я остался там, чтобы посмотреть, что произойдет.7. У меня еще не было времени осмотреть этот музей.8. Он принес нам почитать книгу.

Ex.7. Insert to where necessary.

1. I like .. play the piano.2. My brother can … write poems.3. We had … put on our overcoats because it was cold.4. They wanted … cross the river.5. It is time for you … go to bed.6. Let me .. help you with your homework.7. I was planning … do a lot of things yesterday.8. I think I shall be able .. solve this problem.9. What makes you … think you are right? 10. Do you like … listen to music?

Ex.8. Replace the group of words in italics by an Infinitive or an Infinitive constructions.

It is important that he should understand this.-It is important to him to understand this.

1. The captain was the last man who left the ship.2. Would you be very kind and lend me your umbrella?3. There are a lot of sheets that need mending.4. It is better that he should hear it from you.5. If he had another child with whom he could play he would be happier.6. He put his hand into his pocket and was astonished when he found that his wallet wasn’t there.7. I can’t go to the party; I have nothing that I can wear.8. Haven’t you anything with which you could open it? 9. The strikers decided that the strike should continue.10. He took out his spare wheel and was very disappointed when he discovered that that tyre was also punctured.

Ex.9. Translate the sentences into English.

1. спокойный и сдержанный человек. С ним легко иметь дело.2. Врач остался еще на один час, чтобы убедиться , что жизнь ребенка вне опасности.3. Я старался много работать, чтобы не думать об этом.4. Дети были слишком возбуждены, чтобы вести себя спокойно.5. Он первый открыл это удивительное место для отдыха.6 Я вам сказал всю правду. Мне нечего скрывать от вас.7. У меня достаточно времени , чтобы зайти к вам.8. Нам повезло, что мы застали его дома.9. Поздно спорить об этом. Уже ничего нельзя изменить.10. Интересно, кто первый обратил внимание на нашу ошибку.