IX. Read text a: “Pomology”, and answer the questions given below.

1. What is pomology?

2. What are the main factors for high yielding plantations?

3. What should be the site for orchard?

4. What is important for young trees?

5. What purpose are herbicides used for?

6. What does fruit – growing embrace?

7. What does Michurin show with his wonderful achievements?

8. How many fruit – trees do you know?

9. What small fruit do you know?

10. Name some berries and citrus fruit.

Tex A

POMOLOGY.

Fruit - growing (pomology) is the part of growing, improving, and preparation of fruits. It naturally begins with selection or breeding of the best varieties of plants.

Pomological research is mainly focused on the development, cultivation and physiological studies of stone fruit trees. The goals of fruit tree improvement include enhancement of fruit quality, regulation of production periods, and reduction of production cost.

Pomology has been an important area of research for centuries.

Michurin with his wonderful achievements clearly shows how important the selection and breeding of new species of plants are. Fruit- growing embraces the production of the apples, the pears, the peaches, the apricots, citrus fruit (lemons, oranges, and grapefruits); so-called small fruit, as the plum and the cherry; along with such berries as the strawberry, the raspberry, the gooseberry.

Choice of site, soil preparation and correct layout of orchard are the main factors for long-lived and high-yielding plantation. The site should be comparatively warm, protected from cold, as well as scorching wind, so that shelter-belts are often made to surround the orchard. The best ammonium sulphate, super phosphate and potash salts.

It is highly important to protect young trees from diseases and insect pests. This is done by spraying with various chemicals out of sprinklers or sprayers. Sprinkling is also effective during blossoming in spring to protect the trees against late frosts, though burning bonfires is also used for this purpose. During the first years after an orchard is planted truck crops are grown in the inter rows, but this cannot be done when the fruitage begins.

After autumn leaf shedding the ground under the trees is ploughed under. During the whole lifetime of the orchard a persistent struggle with weeds has to be conducted. This is done by means of hoeing along with the application of herbicides.

X. Give the definitions to the following statements:

1. The art of growing, improving and propagation of fruit.

2. The production of fruit and berries.

3. Soil preparation, choice of site.

4. Barn yard manure, ammonium sulphate, potash salt.

XI. Give English equivalents to the following words and words combinations:

- плодоводство, планировка сада, листопад, гербициды, сорняки, огородные культуры, защищать, размножение, опрыскивать химикатами, отбор, сорт (вид), разбрызгиватель, цветущие, мелкоплодные, плодоношение, обработка, вспахивать, рыхление, высокоурожайный.

XII. Translate following sentences into English:

1. Улучшение фруктовых деревьев улучшает качество фруктов.

2. Сады часто окружены лесными полосами.

3. Выбор участка и правильное планирование сада является главным фактором закладки плантации.

4. Защита молодых деревьев от болезней и насекомых является еще одним важным фактором в плодоводстве.

5. В садах должна проводится постоянная борьба с сорняками.

6. Мичурин четко показал, как важен отбор и выведение новых сортов растений.

XIII. Try to express the main idea of the text in your own way.