Literature Review

Summary #1

The article “Car market in Kazakhstan” written by Sergey Abashin contains general information about the car market of our country and market development prognosis. The author wrote about economic condition and local consumers of automobiles. In addition, differences, advantages, and disadvantages of the Kazakhstan car market are presented.

Paraphrase #1

The actual car market all over the world depends on decreasing of abaction. In Kazakhstan, however, this mechanism works differently. If compared to the 2009, car park has grown by 55%. The total number of cars registered in Kazakhstan Republic was about 2.5 million. Almost every fifth Kazakh has a vehicle. When our country became the member of customs union with Russia and Belarus, Russian cars started to fill the market. Meanwhile, the general sale automobiles are German and Japanese cars. They share the local market of our country.

Unfortunately, Kazakhstan has not passed capitalism stage yet. This situation leads to demonstration of cars as the attribute of wealth and richness. So, everyone has desire to buy big outlander that shows prosperity. For this reason, the main consumers of automobiles are not only rich businessmen.

For today, the economic situation in Kazakhstan is not reliable enough according to the rate of corruption. State authorities are wholly in this black business. Expensive cars like Gelenwagens and Rolls Royces are bought for this money. On the other hand, middle class people drive traditional vehicles like Volkswagens and Toyotas.

Is there any automobile industry in our beautiful country? Yes, there is. There are several automotive companies like Astana Motors, Bipek Auto and Mercur Group. The companies “Bipek Auto” succeed because Kazakhstan has become the part of custom union. So, the city in the Eastern Kazakhstan, Uskamenagorsk provides three bordered countries with car of foreign brands: Chevrolet, Toyota (from 2013).

The next issue is sale of cars? It is true that not every Kazakh can afford new car from salon. It always happens between consumers and small dealers. Small dealers drive cars from Germany or Saud Arabia, and then sell them for bigger amount of money. However, the importation rate in our country reduced by 23% and was about 111 thousand cars. The other way is exchanging luxury cars for less expensive cars with money compensations.

It is expected that in the near future the local car market will have global change. Middle class cars will be replaced by luxury cars because of development of our country. The public transport will lose its users.

Summary #2

The author of the article “Toyota Camry 2006 car review” is Jack Biddle, who is the member of community “New Zealand Automobile Association”. As the title says, the whole article is about model of Toyota. The general overview of the car and main features are presented.

Paraphrase #2

It is surprising that Toyota Camry went on-sale in 1983 and has been manufactured till today. That’s because Camry has been very practical automobile. It is all about quality, durability and reliability. They call it shortly QDR. We can say only that the sixth generation of this model delivers these features. The new styling represents bolder lines. Raked out front and rear screens, a longer wheelbase, wider tracks and guard filling 16-inch wheel and tyres provide masculinity and a needed wider stance. The engineers omitted six-cylinders because petrol prices increased. So, this factor might scare away greedy consumers. The growth of sales is expected from export markets like Asia, North America and Europe.

All attributes as MP3/CD, cruise control, air conditioner with pollen filter, etc. are at their places. The problem that concerns me is safety of this model. According to the experts, all models have dual-stage driver and passenger front airbags, front-seat side airbags and front/rear curtain-shield airbags, an anti-lock braking system (ABS) with brake assist and electronic brake-force distribution. In my opinion, these are enough evidences to call this model safe enough.

Summary #3

The author of the article is Jack Biddle. He wrote mostly about general overview and model lineup since 2005. The article helps to animate picture of Audi A4 from view of expert. It revises connection between the past and the future.

Paraphrase #3

Presented model of Audi obviously new, it is what you can't see that is most changed. The 2005 A4 is wider and longer but no taller than its predecessor. It's larger inside with the most notable improvement to rear-seat legroom and it has a bigger trunk that is easier to load. The biggest developments are in a wheelbase, which is more than six inches longer than before, and cabin space that improves ride quality and handling.

The engine sizes of 2.0 and 3.2 liters have been revised. Each offers more power and better fuel economy than before. All three transmissions have been updated, also. Despite the modest size of A4 comes well-equipped with leather, moon roof and automatic climate controls are standard. Adaptive cruise control, lane departure warning and a half-kilowatt surround-sound system come standard.

The Audi A4 competes primarily against the Mercedes C-Class and BMW 3 Series. Also in its class are the Acura TSX and TL, the Infiniti G37 sedan, the Lexus IS, the Lincoln MKS, and the Volvo S40. The A4 has on average more passenger room than the BMW 328, Mercedes C300, or Lexus IS250, a larger trunk, more torque, better mileage and standard leather for a lower price.

In this case, I am very interested in BMW 3 Series because it really competes with this model.

Summary #4

Jack Biddle is the author of this meaningful and detailed article. Generally, article is about automobile BMW of 328i model. The designs, safety, speed, and of course popularity of the model are presented. However, the big part of the article is dedicated to the history of the model.

Paraphrase #4

The BMW 3 Series is the company's top seller in the United States and a favorite in the marketplace for good reason: It's a well-built, premium compact car endowed with world-class fit and finish, ample power, and a comfortable ride and handling trade-off that is unmatched by most vehicles at any price. And that applies no matter what model or year you choose, as generation after generation of 3 Series enjoy the same benefits despite a constant evolution. This makes buying a used 3 Series a solid bet -- there's not a dud model among them.

As for new 3 Series shoppers, the 2005 year represents one of transition. While the coupe, convertible and wagon continue on from last year's design, the sedan represents the new sixth-generation 3 Series. It's slightly larger and faster than the previous 3 Series generations, but lighter and considerably more efficient. It also has a bolder look inside and out, revised suspension and steering, and more interior space. Beyond its improvements, however, the current 3 Series is just the latest generation in a well-bred family of sport sedans.

The previous, fifth-generation 3 Series sedan debuted along with the wagon model for 2006 with a complete makeover. Compared to the earlier 3 Series, it boasted bigger dimensions, new styling, and updated electronics and improved driving dynamics.

The fifth-generation 3 Series sedan was characterized by its perfectly sorted and balanced vehicle dynamics, strong engines and excellent interior build quality. If that sounds familiar, it's because these qualities have been 3 Series hallmarks for decades now. The only notable downsides to the car are limited interior storage space and mediocre rear seat headroom. Buyers might want to pay special attention to the iDrive electronics interface that came with the optional navigation system -- it was considerably less user-friendly prior to 2009, so we suggest playing around with it before signing on the dotted line.

Summary #4

The meaning of the brand “Lexus” is “defender of a mankind”. Lexus Company is the daughter company of Toyota Corporation. The article is about Lexus GS300.

Paraphrase #4

The midsize Lexus GS 300 sedan always came up short in the personality department. Partly, this was a problem of perception. Lexus initially promoted the rear-wheel-drive GS as a legitimate competitor to the elite European sport sedans, but the car's soft suspension, over-assisted steering and sluggish powertrain said otherwise. The fact that it cost just as much as its German rivals certainly didn't do it any favors either.

As a luxury sedan, the Lexus GS 300 was more convincing, particularly the third-generation model, which could be loaded with all the latest technology and upscale amenities. Cabin materials were typically of high quality, and everything was put together with exacting precision. Add in an outstanding reliability record and it's no surprise all three generations of the GS 300 proved popular with consumers, despite the fact that the automotive press never fully warmed to it.

Last redesigned for 2006, the third-generation Lexus GS 300 lasted only one year, as Lexus installed a powerful new 3.5-liter V6 in its rear-drive midsize sedan the following year, prompting a name change to GS 350. With the exception of their engines, the GS 300 and 350 are identical.

Upon its debut, there was nothing radical about the third-gen GS 300. Its bodywork was fresh and modern, but followed the same basic lines as the previous model. It was motivated by a new, all-aluminum 3.0-liter V6 capable of 245 horsepower, matched with a six-speed automatic transmission. In addition to the default rear-drive setup, buyers were given the option of all-wheel drive. With either drivetrain, acceleration was acceptably brisk (with 60 mph coming up in the 7-second range), though the heavier GS 300 AWD model felt soft off the line. Power delivery was undeniably smooth.

Lacking the adaptive suspension of the V8-powered GS 430, the Lexus GS 300 offered little inspiration when pushed around corners. Instead, it excelled as a highway cruiser, carrying itself with grace over most road irregularities while shielding its occupants from most outside noise. This made it easy for the GS 300 driver and passenger to settle back into its plush seats and enjoy the optional Mark Levinson sound system. An intuitive control layout contributed to the GS 300's relaxing nature.

Major standard equipment on the GS 300 included HID headlights, leather upholstery, wood trim, dual-zone automatic climate control, stability control and a complete menu of side, head and knee airbags. Options included DVD navigation, a rear backup camera, adaptive cruise control and the PreSafe accident preparedness system.

In a 2006 comparison test of all-wheel-drive luxury sport sedans, a Lexus GS 300 AWD brought up the rear in a field of five. "With a V8 and the right options, the 2006 Lexus GS is a good sport sedan," our author wrote. "Give it a V6 and a softer suspension with all-season tires and there's less to get excited about. Luxurious and capable, the Lexus didn't have enough personality to stand out in this crowd."