The Noun Substantivity

The Verb Processuality

The Adjective Qualification

The Adverb Processual and qualificational

qualification

The Stative Stativity

The Pronoun Reference without naming

The word-building apparatus makes it possible to express various categorial meanings with the help of one and the same lexical material:

Substantivity Processuality Qualification Processual

Qualification

Белизна Белеть Белый ………… Самолет ............... Самолетный …………

Enormity ………… Enormous Enormously

Each of these categorial meanings may be lexically consolidated and intensified if they appear in the form of a different part of speech. Consider these two examples:

1. The man is quite enormous.

2. The man is quite an enormity.

The predicates of both sentences (is quite enormous = is quite an enormity) are qualificational. Besides, the word enormity, being a noun, is characterized by the dialectical contradiction of lexical meaning (qualification) and grammatical category (substantivity). While in the case of enormous both lexical and grammatical categorial meanings (attributiveness) come in close concord.

Categorial transpositions are a case of divergence between the lexical and grammatical meaning. When created deliberately, this divergence makes a certain feature of the referent more conspicuous.

Thus, sentence “B” is more expressive than “A” because a) qualification appears here in the shape of grammatical substantivity, b) an abstract noun is turned into concrete by adding the indefinite article. As a result, the perception of the abstract quality of being enormous is made close to the receiver of this information and works more effectively on his imagination. In this connection, I.V.Arnold compares the following utterances:

1. You are a horrid girl.

B. You horrid girl.

3. You horrid little thing.

D. You little horror.

The direction of the arrow shows a gradual increase of expressivity from “A” to “D”. ‘A’ in this respect is stylistically neutral. “B” is intensified through ellipsis. “C” is intensified through the decomposition of ‘girl’ into ‘little thing’ and “D” through all these factors plus the categorial transposition.

Much attention is paid in morphostylistics to the problem of transposition in the pronouns. Here A.N.Morokhovsky and others distinguish two kinds of stylistic use: a) no change in the componential structure, b) a change in the componential structure through context or transposition. The categorial meaning of the pronoun is reference without naming. That is why the general function of the pronoun may be defined as the text-forming cohesive one. To illustrate this, consider two sentences from “Indian Camp” by E. Hemingway:

Inside on a wooden bunk lay a young Indian women. She had been trying to have her baby for two days.

On closer inspection one observes that it is impossible to explain inversion here within the limits of the first sentence alone. The same actual sentence perspective could have been retained had the word order been made direct, because in English the indefinite article is the rhematic marker. On the other hand the denotation of the second sentence’s subject would have been indefinite had we tried to consider it in isolation from the first one. In a word it becomes evident that the underlined fragments should stand close to each other because the anticedent a young Indian woman and the anaphoric she constitute a link between the two sentences which unites them into an entity higher than sentence and namely into a superphrasal unity / SphU/, and the latter is a unit of text.

The pronoun is one of the most important and philologically interesting parts of speech that has perhaps the earliest origin. In modern English grammars they distinguish 12 classes of the pronoun: personals, possesives, reflexives, demonstratives, indefinites (some-any-no and their derivatives), negatives, universals (all, each, both, every etc.), detachings (another, other), reciprocals (each other, one another), interrogatives, conjunctives and relatives. The possibility of such a classification testifies to the fact that the role of the pronoun is not only structural-cohesive(the syntagmatic aspect) but also semantic(paradigmatic) although the semantics of the pronoun is a rellative matter.

One and the same pronoun may be repeated in the text several times, which adds a certain rhythmical arrangement to the narration. But at the same time it may be informal. The repeatition of “I”, for instance, may lead to an inappropriate foregrounding of the writer (personage ) ego.

Demonstratives may express a whole spectrum of feelings depending on the context: irritation, indignation, contempt, familiarity, emphasis, irony, humour. Some of the expressive patterns where they belong have become standardized:

That + N + of + absolute possessive, like in:

pets yours

That / those brother his