Glossary

API (application programming interfaces) – программный интерфейс

приложения

BSD – версия UNIX, разработанная компанией Berkeley Software Design

Incorporated

CLI (command line interface) – интерфейс командной строки

computing application – компьютерное приложение

data storage device – запоминающее устройство для данных

embedded operating system – встроенная операционная система

GUI (graphical user interface) – графический интерфейс пользователя

host – главная вычислительная машина

incremental upgrade – постепенная модернизация

Linux – свободно распространяемая (некоммерческая) реализация

операционной системы UNIX на PC-совместимых ПК и множестве

других платформ

multi-user system – многопользовательская система

performance improvement – повышение производительности

point of contention – предмет спора, суть разногласий

predecessor – предшественник

prior release – предшествующий выпуск (вариант программного

изделия)

publicly available version – общедоступная версия

redesigned shell – зд. новая оболочка (пользовательский интер-

фейс)

SUI (software user interface or speech-based user interface) – пользо-

вательский интерфейс (возможно, основанный на речевом обще-

нии)

to be fully compatible with smth – быть полностью совместимым с ч-л.

to be implemented as – применяться в качестве ч-л.

to invoke interface – активизировать / запускать интерфейс

to relieve application program from smth – освободить прикладную

программу от ч-л.

Video game console – игровая консоль

Text d. Operating System

An operating system (OS) is an interface between hardware and user

which is responsible for the management and coordination of activities and

the sharing of the resources of the computer that acts as a host for computing

applications run on the machine. As a host, one of the purposes of an operating

system is to handle the details of the operation of the hardware. This relieves

application programs from having to manage these details and makes it

easier to write applications. Almost all computers (including handheld computers,

desktop computers, supercomputers, video game consoles) as well as

some robots, domestic appliances (dishwashers, washing machines), and portable

media players use an operating system of some type. Some of the oldest

models may, however, use an embedded operating system that may be contained

on a data storage device.

Operating systems offer a number of services to application programs

and users. Applications access these services through application programming

interfaces (APIs) or system calls. By invoking these interfaces, the application

can request a service from the operating system, pass parameters, and receive

the results of the operation. Users may also interact with the operating system

with some kind of software user interface (SUI) like typing commands by using

command line interface (CLI) or using a graphical user interface (GUI, commonly

pronounced “gooey”). For hand-held and desktop computers, the user interface

is generally considered part of the operating system. On large multi-user

systems like Unix and Unix-like systems, the user interface is generally implemented as an application program that runs outside the operating system.

(Whether the user interface should be included as part of the operating system

is a point of contention.)

Common contemporary operating systems include BSD, Darwin (Mac OS

X), Linux, SunOS (Solaris/OpenSolaris), and Windows NT (XP/Vista/7). While

servers generally run Unix or some Unix-like operating system, embedded system

markets are split amongst several operating systems, although the Microsoft

Windows line of operating systems has almost 90% of the client PC market.

Windows 7 is the most recent publicly available version of Microsoft

Windows, a series of operating systems produced by Microsoft for use on personal

computers, including home and business desktops, laptops, netbooks,

tablet PCs and media center PCs.Windows 7 was released to manufacturing on

July 22, 2009, and general retail availability on October 22, 2009, less than

three years after the release of its predecessor, Windows Vista. Windows 7's

server counterpart, Windows Server 2008 R2, was released at the same time.

Unlike its predecessor, which introduced a large number of new features,

Windows 7 was intended to be a more focused, incremental upgrade to

the Windows line, with the goal of being fully compatible with applications and

hardware with which Windows Vista is already compatible. Presentations given

by Microsoft in 2008 focused on multi-touch support, a redesigned Windows

Shell with a new taskbar, referred to as the Superbar, a home networking

system called HomeGroup, and performance improvements. Some applications

that have been included with prior releases of Microsoft Windows, including

Windows Calendar, Windows Mail, Windows Movie Maker, and Windows

Photo Gallery, are not included in Windows 7; some are instead offered

separately as part of the free Windows Live Essentials suite.

Exercise 13. What’s your immediate reaction to the article you’ve just read?

Complete one or more of the following:

1) I’m amazed that …

2) I’m not so sure that …

3) I already knew that …

4) I can hardly believe that …

5) I tend to agree that …

Exercise 14. What do the following abbreviations stand for? They are all used in the article:

API SUI CLI GUI BSD

Exercise 15. Find the words in the article which mean the following. The first and the last letters are given:

1) the physical and electronic parts of a computer, rather than the

instructions it follows (paragraph 1) h … e

2) a small computer that you can carry with you (paragraph 1) h … d

3) a type of computer that is small enough to fit on the top of a desk

(paragraph 2) d …p

4) to divide into two or more parts (paragraph 3) s … t

5) a small computer with a screen that you can write on using a special

pen or that you can connect a keyboard to (paragraph 4) t … t

6) a thing which has the same purpose as another one in a different

place or organization (paragraph 4) c … t

7) something which comes before another thing in time or in a series

(paragraph 4) p … r

8) a set of symbols that shows the programs you are using and allows

you to change them on a computer screen (paragraph 5) t …r

Exercise 16. Answer the following questions:

1) What is an operating system responsible for?

2) What devices and appliances may contain an operating system?

3) How can users interact with the operating system?

4) What are common contemporary operating systems?

5) What is the most recent operating system released by Microsoft?

6) What new features does Windows 7 possess compared to previous

Windows line?

Граматика

Герундій (the Gerund)

Герундій – неособова форма дієслова - ing - форма,означає процес.

e.g. asking - запитування, reading -читання.

Форми герундія

	Active	Passive
Present	asking	being asked
Perfect	having asked	having been asked

Приклади:

1. I like asking.- Мені подобається запитувати.

2. I don't like being asked stupid questions. – Мені не подобається, коли мені ставлять безглузді запитання.

3. I remember having asked you about it. – Я пам’ятаю, що запитував тебе про це.

4. I remember having been asked about it. – Я пам’ятаю, що мене запитали про це.

Функції герундія

Функція	Вживання	Приклад	Переклад
1. Підмет (Subject)	1 місце в реченні	Сomparing, selecting, sorting and determining are the main logical operations.	Порівняння, відбір, сортування, визначення – це основні логічні операції.
2. Іменна частина присудка (Predicative)	Після дієслів to be, to mean	Our task is finding a way to solve this problem.	Наше завдання полягає в тому, щоб знайти спосіб вирішити цю проблему.
3. Додаток (Object)	a) без прийменника після дієслів: to like, to suggest, to remember, to enjoy, to mind, to be worth, etc, b) to depend on – залежати від, to rely on – посилатися на, to insist on – наполягати на, to object to – заперечувати, to result in – приводити до, to be capable of – бути здатним, to be interested in - цікавитися, to be responsible for - відповідати за	I suggest processing data. I insist on processing data.	Я пропоную обробити дані. Я наполягаю на обробці даних.
4. Означення (Attribute)	після абстрактних іменників	I like the method of processing data	Мені подобається метод обробки даних.
Обставина	Завжди з прийменниками in, on, upon, before, after, by, without на початку або в кінці речення	In testing the device many defects were removed.	При перевірці пристрою багато дефектів було усунено.