- •What is a Computer?
- •The Personal Computer
- •The Minicomputer
- •The Mainframe Computer
- •The Supercomputer
- •The Modern Computer
- •The Analog Computer
- •How Computers Do Their Work
- •Yesterday eniac – The First Electronic Digital Computer
- •Computer Operations
- •The Five Data Processing Steps
- •Software
- •Summary
- •Getting Acquainted with Personal Computer. Hardware.
- •Yesterday. What Was the First Personal Computer?
- •Processing Hardware
- •The Motherboard
- •Peripheral Hardware
- •Input Devices
- •Output Devices
- •Storage Devices
- •Dos, the Disk Operating System
- •Dos Files
- •Dos Filenames
- •The dos Directory
- •Today. Commonly Used dos Commands
- •Beginning a Work Session
- •The Prompt
- •The Command Line
- •The Cursor
- •Using Application Programs
- •Ending a Work Session
- •Troubleshooting.
- •The Desktop Personal Computer
- •Personal Computer Configurations
- •Bits and Bytes
- •A Simple Configuration
- •A Full Configuration
- •Types of Personal Computers
- •Ibm pCs and pc-Compatibles
- •Using pCs and pc-Compatibles
- •Тhе ibm Personal System/2
- •Using ps/2s
- •The Apple Macintosh
- •Using the Macintosh
- •Tomorrow Tips for Buying a Personal Computer
- •Summary
- •Review Questions
- •Discussion Questions
- •Multiple-Choice
- •True/False
- •The World of Computers
- •General-Purpose and Special-Purpose Computers
- •Yesterday The Father of the Modern Computer
- •The Portable Personal Computer
- •Types of Portables
- •Portables and laptops
- •Ps/2-Compatible Laptops .
- •Macintosh Portables.
- •Using Laptops
- •The Palmtop Computer
- •The Workstation
- •Workstation Characteristics
- •The Microprocessor.
- •Types of Workstations
- •Scientific and Engineering Workstations.
- •Office Automation Workstations .
- •Educational Workstations.
- •Using Workstations
- •The Minicomputer
- •Types of Minicomputers
- •Using Minis
- •The Mainframe Computer
- •Types of Mainframes.
- •Using Mainframes
- •The Supercomputer.
- •Types of Supercomputers
- •Using Supercomputers
- •Tomorrow a Chilly Supercomputer
- •Parallel Processing
- •Using Parallel Processing
- •The Ever-Evolving Computer
- •Summary
- •Review Questions.
- •Discussion Questions.
- •Multiple-Choice.
- •Fill-in-the-Blank.
- •True/False.
- •Key Terms.
- •Vocabulary
True/False.
The development of portable computers was propelled by a need to perform
business computing tasks when away from the office desktop.
Parallel processing is changing the nature of the supercomputer as a special-
purpose computer by making it possible to perform business tasks with ease.
The people who design and create computers are often thought of as mavericks.
The first portable computer was called a luggable and was invented by Compaq
Computer.
Workstations were the first computers to emphasize ergonomics.
Some minicomputers can be confused with workstations, and some other minis can be confused with mainframes.
Key Terms.
complex-instruction set microprocessor portable computer
computing (CISC) multitasking reduced-instruction-set
ergonomics notebook computing (RISC)
general-purpose computer operation special-purpose computer
human-computer interface palmtop terminal
laptop parallel processing workstation
massively parallel pen-based computers processing
Vocabulary
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analog |
аналог; вариант; моделирующее устройство |
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arithmetic operation |
арифметическая операция; арифметическое действие |
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arithmetic/logic unit (ALU) |
арифметическо-логическое устройство |
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auxiliary storage |
вспомогательное запоминающее устройство |
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backup |
дублирование, резервное копирование (данных) |
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binary number system |
двоичная система счисления |
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bit |
бит |
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central processing unit (CPU) |
центральный процессор |
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closed architecture |
закрытая архитектура |
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command |
директива; предписание |
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command line |
командная линия; строка команды |
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computer literacy |
компьютерная грамотность |
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complex-instruction set |
CISC-компьютер |
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computer system |
вычислительная машина |
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control unit |
блок управления |
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сonfiguration |
конфигурация системы; системные настройки |
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data |
данные |
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data disk |
данные на жестком диске |
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database management |
управление базой данных |
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data processing |
ведение базы данных |
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digital |
цифровой; численный |
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directory |
каталог |
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disk operating system (DOS) |
дисковая операционная система |
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document |
документальный источник информации |
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ergonomics |
эргономика (наука, изучающая системы "человек-машина") |
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expansion slot |
гнездо расширения |
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floppy disk |
гибкий магнитный диск |
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floppy disk drive |
дисковод для гибких дисков |
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general-purpose computer |
универсальный (многопользовательский) компьютер |
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gigabyte |
гигабайт; 1073741824 байта; гигабайт (10 байт); гигабайт (1000 Мбайт) |
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hard disk drive |
накопитель на жёстком диске |
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hardware |
желёзки; железо |
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hidden file |
скрытый файл |
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human-computer interface |
человеко-машинный интерфейс |
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input |
входные данные устройства |
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input device |
устройство для ввода данных |
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instruction |
команда |
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integrated circuit |
интегрированный канал связи |
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kilobyte |
килобайт; Кбайт; 1024 байта |
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laptop |
переносной ПК с плоским ЖК- или газоразрядным экраном, массой меньше 3,5 кг |
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load |
загрузка (памяти или в память); |
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logical operation |
логическое действие |
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mainframe |
базовое вычислительное устройство |
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media |
носители |
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megabyte |
Мбайт; 1048576 байтов; мегабайт (1024 Кбайт); |
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minicomputer |
мини-компьютер |
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monitor |
монитор |
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motherboard |
материнская плата; системная плата |
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multitasking |
многозадачность, многозадачная работа |
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nonvolatile |
энергонезависимый |
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open architecture |
открытая архитектура |
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output |
устройство вывода |
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palmtop |
карманный персональный компьютер |
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parallel processing |
параллельная обработка |
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pen-based computer |
перьевой компьютер, компьютер с рукописным вводом |
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peripheral device |
периферийная ИС |
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port |
перенести; подсоединять через порт |
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processing |
обработка |
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program disk |
программный диск |
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prompt for |
запрашивать |
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random access memory (RAM) |
оперативная память; память с произвольной выборкой |
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read |
считывание |
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read only memory (ROM) |
постоянное ЗУ; постоянная память (ROM) |
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reduced-instruction-set |
сокращенный набор команд |
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root directory |
корневой каталог; корневой справочник |
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software |
программное обеспечение; программные средства |
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spreadsheet |
программный бланк распределения |
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storage |
система хранения данных |
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system software |
системное программное обеспечение |
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system unit |
системный блок |
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terabyte |
2 в 40 степени байтов; 1099511627776 байтов; 1000Гбайт; терабайт |
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volatile memory |
энергозависимое ЗУ |
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word processing |
тексто-обработка |
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work session |
активный блок |
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workstation |
рабочая станция ( сетевой компьютер) |
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CONTENT
What is a Computer? 3
The Personal Computer 3
The Minicomputer 5
The Mainframe Computer 7
The Supercomputer 8
The Modern Computer 10
The Analog Computer 10
How Computers Do Their Work 11
Yesterday 12
ENIAC – The First Electronic Digital Computer 12
Computer Operations 15
The Five Data Processing Steps 15
Software 17
Summary 18
Getting Acquainted with Personal Computer. Hardware. 23
Yesterday. What Was the First Personal Computer? 26
Processing Hardware 28
The Motherboard 29
The CPU 30
Peripheral Hardware 32
Input Devices 32
Output Devices 33
Storage Devices 33
Media. 33
DOS, the Disk Operating System 36
DOS Files 37
DOS Filenames 38
The DOS Directory 39
Today. Commonly Used DOS Commands 40
Beginning a Work Session 42
The Prompt 44
The Command Line 44
The Cursor 44
Using Application Programs 45
Ending a Work Session 46
Troubleshooting. 47
The Desktop Personal Computer 48
Personal Computer Configurations 48
Bits and Bytes 49
A Simple Configuration 51
A Full Configuration 51
Types of Personal Computers 52
IBM PCs and PC-Compatibles 53
Using PCs and PC-Compatibles 55
Тhе IBM Personal System/2 56
Using PS/2s 57
The Apple Macintosh 57
Using the Macintosh 58
Tomorrow 60
Tips for Buying a Personal Computer 60
Summary 64
Discussion Questions 67
The World of Computers 70
PC-Compatible Laptops and Notebooks. 76
PS/2-Compatible Laptops . 76
Macintosh Portables. 77
Using Laptops 77
The Palmtop Computer 78
The Workstation 80
Workstation Characteristics 80
The Microprocessor. 80
Types of Workstations 83
Scientific and Engineering Workstations. 83
Office Automation Workstations . 83
Educational Workstations. 84
Using Workstations 85
The Minicomputer 87
Types of Minicomputers 88
Using Minis 89
The Mainframe Computer 91
Types of Mainframes. 92
Using Mainframes 93
The Supercomputer. 95
Types of Supercomputers 95
Using Supercomputers 96
Tomorrow 97
A Chilly Supercomputer 97
Parallel Processing 98
Using Parallel Processing 98
The Ever-Evolving Computer 100
Summary 101
.
