3. What is the difference between the original (genuine) and the hackneyed (trite) sd?

4. How are stylistic devices classified on different levels?

There are 3 groups of Lexical Stylistic Devices

1. The interaction of different types of lexical meaning.

a) dictionary and contextual (metaphor, metonymy, irony);

b) primary and derivative (zeugma and pun);

c) logical and emotive (epithet, oxymoron);

d) logical and nominative (autonomasia);

2. Intensification of a feature (simile, hyperbole, periphrasis).

3. Peculiar use of set expressions (cliches, proverbs, epigram, quotations).

2. Graphical stylistic devices:

1) What do graphical stylistic devices deal with? Graphical fixation of phonetic peculiarities of pronunciation with the violation of the accepted spelling. Used to indicate blurred, incoherent or careless pronunciation, caused by TEMPORARY (tenders age, intoxication, ignorance of the discussed theme, etc.)

Graphical EMs serve to convey in the written form those emotions which in the oral speech are expressed by intonation and stress, in written form they are shown mostly with the help of punctuation and deliberate change of a spelling of a word.

2) What is graphon?

Graphical fixation of phonetic peculiarities of pronunciation with the violation of the accepted spelling. Used to indicate blurred, incoherent or careless pronunciation, caused by temporary (tender age, intoxication, ignorance of the discussed theme, etc.) or by permanent factors (social, territorial, educational, etc. status).

3) What types and functions of graphon do you know?

• Apostrophe ‘

• CAPITAL LETTERS

• Italics

• hyphen -

• suspension marks ‘…’, or asterisks (***)

All types of punctuation can be used to reflect the emphatic intonation of the speaker. Such ‘emphatic’ punctuation is used in many syntactical SDs: aposiopesis (break-in-the-narrative) [You’ll just come home, or I’ll …], rhetorical questions, su’spense etc.  The changed type (italics, bold type) or spelling multiplication (laaarge) are used to indicate the additional stress on the emphasis word or part of the word. There is no direct connection between the graphical SDs and the intonation they reflect, for their choice is too inadequate for the variety and quality of emotions recurrent in intonation.

5. What is achieved by the graphical changes of writing?

Graphical fixation of phonetic peculiarities of pronunciation with the violation of the accepted spelling. Used to indicate blurred, incoherent or careless pronunciation, caused by temporary (tender age, intoxication, ignorance of the discussed theme, etc.) or by permanent factors (social, territorial, educational, etc. status).

3. Phonetic stylistic devices:

1) What do phonetic stylistic devices deal with?

2) What is onomatopoeia?

A combination of speech sounds which aims at imitation sounds produced by animals, people or inanimate things. Proofs to be very important for the creation of expressive at emoted connotation.

3) What are two varieties of onomatopoeia?

May be direct and indirect:

Direct onomatopoeia imitates natural sounds, as buzz, bang, beep, clap, click, cuckoo, rustle etc.

Indirect onomatopoeia is a combination of sounds that echoes the sense of the utterance.

4) What is alliteration?

The repetition of similar sounds at the beginning of successive words. It aims add imparting a melodic effect to the utterance. Alliteration in English is deeply rude in English folklore. In old English poetry it was one of the basic principles of words. It is generally egaded as a musical support of the author’s idea. Giving it some emotional atmosphere which each reader interprets for himself ( ‘deep into the darkness peering, long I stood there wondering, fearing, doubting, dreaming dreams no mortals ever dared to dream before’ (E.A. Poe)) in graphics alliteration is used as a design component.