Theme: The earliest known maps Grammar: The Passive Voice

Objectives: By the end of this unit, students should be able to use active vocabulary of this theme in different forms of speech exercises. Students should be better at discussing «The earliest known maps». Students should know the rules of Passive voice

Methodical instructions: This theme must be worked out during three lessons a week according to timetable.

Lexical material: Introduce and fix new vocabulary on theme «The earliest known maps».

Grammar: Introduce and practice the Passive voice

The earliest known maps are of the heavens, not the earth. Dots dating to 16,500 BCE found on the walls of the Lascaux caves map out part of the night sky, including the three bright stars Vega, Deneb, and Altair (the Summer Triangle asterism), as well as the Pleiades star cluster. The Cuevas de El Castillo in Spain contains a dot map of the Corona Borealis constellation dating from 12,000gBCE. gggggCave painting and rock carvings used simple visual elements that may have aided in recognizing landscape features, such as hills or dwellings. A map-like representation of a mountain, river, valleys and routes around Pavlov in the Czech Republic has been dated to 25,000 BP, and a 14,000 BP polished chunk of sandstone from a cave in Spanish Navarre may represent similar features superimposed on animal etchings, although it may also represent a spiritual landscape,gorgsimplegincisings. gggggAnother ancient picture that resembles a map was created in the late 7th millennium BCE in Catalhoyuk, Anatolia, modern Turkey. This wall painting may represent a plan of this Neolithic village; however, recent scholarship has questioned the identification of this painting as a map. gggggWhoever visualized the Зatalhoyuk "mental map" may have been encouraged by the fact that houses in Зatalhoyuk were clustered together and were entered via flat roofs. Therefore, it was normal for the inhabitants to view their city from a bird's eye view. Later civilizations followed the same convention; today, almost all maps are drawn as if we are looking down from the sky instead of from a horizontal or oblique perspective. The logical advantage of such a perspective is that it provides a view of a greater area, conceptually. There are exceptions: one of the "quasi-maps" of the Minoan civilization on Crete, the “House of the Admiral” wall painting, dating from c. 1600 BCE, shows a seaside community in an oblique perspective.

Topical vocabulary

1. maр карта

2. heavens небеса

3. cave пещера

4. to aid помогать

5. landscape features ландшафт

6. representation представление

7. valley долина

8. flat roofs плоские крыши

9. identification определение

10. vew of smth вид на что-либо

11. inhabitant жилец

12. star cluster скопление звезд

Ex.1. Read the text and summarize it.

Ex 2. Answer the questions according to the text:

1. What did the early maps describe?

2. What did cave painting and rock carvings use that helped in recognizing landscape features?

3. Where was another ancient picture that resembles a map created?

4. Can you describe the "mental map"?

5. What convention did the Later civilizations follow, why?

Ex.3. Summarize the text.

Ex 4. Give the Russian equivalents for the following words and word combinations:

Constellation, star cluster, rock carving, landscape features, map-like representation, spiritual landscape, the identification of this painting, hills or dwellings, polished chunk of sandstone, to be encouraged by, to be drawn, from a bird's eye view.

Ex 5. Fill in the gaps with the words and expressions from the text.

1. The earliest known…… are of the heavens, not the earth.

2. Cave painting and rock carvings used simple…. …… that may have aided in recognizing landscape features, such as hills or dwellings.

3. A map-like representation of a mountain, river, valleys and routes around Pavlov in the …….has been dated to 25,000 BP, and a 14,000 BP polished chunk of sandstone from a cave in Spanish Navarre may represent similar features superimposed on animal etchings, although it may also …….a spiritual landscape,gorgsimplegincisings.

4. This wall painting may represent a plan of this Neolithic village; however, recent ……..has questioned the identification of this painting as a map.

5. Later ……followed the same convention; today, almost all maps are drawn as if we are looking down from the sky instead of from a horizontal or oblique…….

Grammar: The Passive Voice.

• We use the infinitive after modal verbs and a number of other verbs. The passive infinitive is to be done/ to have been done

Can/could May/ might Must/ have to Should/ would Needn’t

be done have been done

Lions and tigers can be seen in Zoos. He spoke very clearly; he could be heard by everyone

• The verbs which take prepositional objects can form passive construction of the following pattern:

smb is smth was will be

sent for spoken about laught at

The verbs taking prepositional objects.

to agree to/with- соглашаться с

to agree on/upon-прийти к соглашению

to call for,on –зайти за

to deal with –иметь дело с

to hear of –слышать о

to insist on/upon- настаивать на

to laugh at – смеяться над

to look after- ухаживать за

to put with- примириться с

to refer to- ссылаться на

to send for-посылать за

to think of- думать о

to comment on-комментировать

to provide for-снабжать

to lose sight of-потерять из виду

to make use of-использовать

Ex.6.Read the situation and write a sentence. Use the words in brackets.

Example: He seldom keeps his promise.(he/can/rely/on)

1.The child is very ill.(the doctor /send/for) 2. The old car is in excellent condition.(it/look/after /well). 3. He was speaking for two hours. (he/listened to/ in silence) 4. She is going into hospital tomorrow. (she/ take good care of). 5. This little boy is always dirty. (he/look after/ properly).6. She is always breaking things in the kitchen. (she/speak to/about her carelessness)7. He’s a sensible man.(his advise/listen to carefully) 8.The dentist said her teeth were very bad.(they/ take care of). 9. He never broke a promise in his life.(he/ come/rely on)10. Shakespeare was born more that 400 years ago.(he/look upon/the greatest of English poets)

Ex.7.Put the following into the passive, mentioning the agent where necessary.

1.You can’t wash this dress.(it / dry-clean).2. They discuss unimportant things.(a lot of time/waste). 3. They will type your letters in a minute.(the letters/ type/ in the other office) 4. I can’t play now.(my piano/ repair/ at the moment) 5. The guests ate other sandwiches, and drank all the lemonade.( nothing/ leave). 6. I can’t find my parcel anywhere.(it/ post?) 7. I have no information.(I/ inform/ of the change of the plan).8.I’m afraid we have sold all our copies but we have ordered more.(more/ order).9. The letter can’t be mailed.(it/ not stamp). 10. I would like to meet her mother.(I/ not introduce/ yet).

Ex.8. Give the corresponding passive construction.

1. We looked through all the advertisements very attentively.2. The gardener gathered all the dry leaves and set fire to them. 3. People will talk much about the successful debut of the young actress, no doubt.4. You can rely upon your guide’s experience. 5. Why didn’t the speaker dwell longer upon this question? 6. You should send the sick man to hospital. They will look after him much better there.7. A famous architect has designed the new theatre this week. 8. This plant had fulfilled the yearly plan by the 15 december.9. The workers are discharging the steamer. 10. The students read the text and translated it into English. 11.Who has written this article?

Ex.9.Put in the correct forms, active or passive, of the verbs in brackets.

How the other half lives

Lord Manners was a rich and famous banker. When he (die), he (give) a magnificent funeral which (attend) by hundreds of famous people. The funeral was going to (hold) in West Minister Abbey. Many ordinary people (line) the streets to watch the procession. The wonderful black and gold carriage (draw) by 6 black horses. The mourners (follow) in silence. Lord Manners (give) a royal farewell. Two tramps were among the crowd, they (watch) the procession. As solemn music (can/hear) in the distance, one of them (turn) other and (whisper) in admiration: ”Now that’s what I call really living! ” (from “Longman English Grammar Practice”by L.G. Alexander)

Ex.10.Translate the sentences into English.

1. Лекции этого профессора всегда слушают с большим интересом.2. Меня прервал Джон. 3.Его всегда любили, и ему всегда доверяли. 4. О ней заботятся ее друзья. 5.Я уверен, что, записка была написана карандашом. 6. Дверь открыла пожилая женщина , и Джейн вывели в маленькую гостиную.7. Кровать не было застелена, стул был сломан.8.Это письмо только что подписано директором. 9. Товары еще не доставлены. 10. Подписан ли этот контракт? 11. Этот вопрос еще не исследован. 12. Ящики пересчитаны. Их можно отвести на склад. 13. Библиотека была закрыта,

так как было же 8 часов. 14. Об этом фильме много говорят.15.Он узнает, почему его туда посылают.16. Во время экскурсии по городу нам показали завод, где производится сталь.17. Книги, которые хорошо читаются, редко найдешь на полках библиотеки.

Задания для СРО:

Ex 1 Do grammar ex 305,306, pp 253-254 «Грамматика, сборник упражнений», Ю. Голицинский-Санкт-Петербург, «КАРО», 2005

Ex 2 Make slides on the topic “The earliest maps” and present in English.