- •Grammar
- •Verbals Syntax
- •1. Verbals: Forms and Types
- •2. Participle
- •3. Participle: forms and functions
- •4. Participle: participial phrases
- •5. Participles in the language of science and documents
- •In the function of the adverbial modifier, participles are sometimes emphasized by “as it is” (for Participle I) or “as it does” (for Participle II).
- •6. Constructions with participles
- •1. Nominative With the Infinitive (always to-infinitive)
- •2. Nominative with the Participle
- •3. Other
- •7. Constructions with participles (Cont’d)
- •1. Absolute participial constructions:
- •2. Absolute non-participial constructions (being is missing):
- •In absolute constructions.
- •8. Participles: review
- •9. Infinitive: Functions, Bare Infinitive
- •10. Infinitive: Constructions and phrases
- •It is hard / easy / good / bad / impossible / not for smb. To do smth.
- •11. Infinitive: Infinitive or -ing-form?
- •12. Gerund: Forms and Functions
- •Verbal features:
- •13. Gerund and infinitive after verbs
- •15. Gerund: review
- •16. Gerund: review
- •1. Syntax. Simple sentence. Subject.
- •2. Subject (Cont’d).
- •1. Notional “It”:
- •2. Formal “It”
- •1. Nominative With the Infinitive
- •2. Nominative With the Participle
- •3. Other
- •3. Principal parts of the sentence. Predicate
- •1. Simple
- •2. Compound
- •If the idea is “He performed the action in silence”, then “He did it silently.”
- •4. Compound predicate (Cont’d)
- •5. Subject-predicate agreement
- •6. Object
- •It shows the person to whom or for whom the action is done.
- •I bought my girlfriend a nice present. À I bought it for her yesterday.
- •7. Object (Cont’d)
- •I find it impossible (to argue with him).
- •I’m waiting for you to tell me. (prepositional object)
- •8. Object (Cont’d)
- •I allow you to go.
- •9. Attribute
- •10. Attribute (Cont’d)
- •11. Simple sentence (final remarks)
- •In no time we were at 2,800 feet.
3. Participle: forms and functions
Exercise 3.1. Supply corresponding English verbals, state their form.
TO ENTERTAIN
Он должен развлекать гостей. |
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Он, должно быть, развлекает гостей. |
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Он, должно быть, развлекал гостей. |
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Он, должно быть, развлекает их уже три часа. |
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Гостей должны развлекать. |
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Гостей, должно быть, развлекают. |
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Гостей, должно быть, развлекали. |
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Гостей, должно быть, развлекают уже три часа. |
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TO POSSESS
Вы должны обладать мужеством. |
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Вы, должно быть, обладаете мужеством. |
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Вы, должно быть, обладали мужеством. |
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Вы, должно быть, обладаете мужеством с детства. |
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Мужеством надо обладать каждому. |
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Мужеством, должно быть, обладает каждый. |
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Мужеством, должно быть, обладал каждый. |
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Мужеством, должно быть, обладает каждый с детства. |
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TO BELONG
Дом должен принадлежать ей. |
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Дом, должно быть, принадлежит ей. |
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Дом, должно быть, принадлежал ей. |
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Дом, должно быть, принадлежал ей с детства. |
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TO CONTROL
Контролируя, … |
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Проконтролировав, … |
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Контролируя с самого утра, … |
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Будучи под контролем, … |
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Будучи проконтролированы, … |
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Находясь под контролем с самого утра, … |
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TO INCLUDE
Включая и его, … |
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Включив и его, … |
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Включая все время и его, … |
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Будучи включенным, … |
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Будучи включенным уже давно, … |
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Будучи включаемым все время, … |
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TO LAST
Продолжаясь три часа, … |
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Продлившись три часа, … |
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Participles as Attributes:
1. are used in their indefinite form only;
2. are used in pre-position without accompanying words and in post-position with accompanying words (participial phrases);
3. are seldom used for the Russian “действительное причастие прошедшего времени” - an attributive clause is used instead: Мать, знавшая все его привычки, … è Mother, who knew all his habits, …
Exercise 3.2. Translate orally the instructor’s phrases.
Exercise 3.3. Comment on the function of the participles.
1. Accompanied by his father, he ascended to his new room.
2. Approaching Soho, he thought of the years in Brighton.
3. As if torn with indecision, he cried.
4. Being of a more slender figure than his wife, he looked younger.
5. Being written in pencil the letter was difficult to make out.
6. Having closed the drawing-room door, she awaited a little.
7. He answered through the locked door.
8. He is a man loved and admired by everybody.
9. He was on his guard as though waiting for a further question.
10. Her spirit, though crushed, was not broken.
11. In spite of himself, Val was impressed.
12. She began to walk carefully, setting heel to toe, heel to toe, and counting her steps.
13. She was silent, again looking at her hands.
14. The breach of the law, if discovered, would bring them into the court.
15. The fence surrounding the garden is newly painted.
16. The whole damned day had been humiliating.
17. They went into the room beautifully lit up with Chinese lamps.
18. This was said as if thinking aloud.
19. Turning slowly, she went to her room.
20. When questioned, Annie had implied vaguely that she was nervous.
21. While waiting for the water to boil, he held his face over the stove.
Exercise 3.4. Translate using participles where possible.
1. (Рассказав все, что он знал) the witness left the box.
2. (Толкнув дверь) he felt that it was not locked, and (открыв ее) he looked inside.
3. Each time (рассказывая об этом случае) he could not help a smile.
4. (Когда их поставили в воду) the flowers opened their petals.
5. A new power plant is to be built here in two years (которая будет снабжать электричеством) a number of industrial regions.
6. (Тихо закрыв за собой дверь) he tiptoed into the room.
7. At the conference they discussed new methods (применяемые) in building.
8. (Уронив монету на пол) he did not care to look for it in the darkness and took another one.
9. Did you see in what direction the man (стоявший здесь) went?
10. Go to the corner and ask the militiaman (стоящего там) to show you the way.
11. (Приехав в гостиницу) she found a telegram awaiting her.
12. He wants to write a book (которая бы подытожила) his impressions of the trip.
13. (Опустив монету и подняв трубку) he began to dial the number.
14. Here are some samples of the products of this plant (посылаемые) to different parts of the country.
15. (Приехав сюда) only a few years before he knew those parts as if he had always lived there.
16. Here are the samples of products of the plants (посылавших) us machinery.
17. I felt very tired (проработав целый день) in the sun.
18. (Постучав дважды и не получив ответа) he decided that there was nobody in.
19. Suddenly I heard a sound of a key (поворачиваемого) in the lock.
20. The bricklayer (применивший) a new method in building made a report at the conference.
Note: the noun modified by a participial phrase is supposed to be the subject of the action expressed by the participle:
incorrect: Having reached the forest, it started to rain. (dangling modifier)
correct: Having reached the forest, we noticed that it’d started to rain.
The rule is true for any modifier, not participles only.
Exercise 3.5. Correct misplaced (dangling) modifiers.
1. Before varnishing the desktop, it should be polished thoroughly.
2. Having twisted my ankle quite badly, my doctor gave me crutches.
3. Protecting the paint of your new car with our product, fading will not mar the car's finish.
4. When looking for new sources, "Books in Print" should be consulted.
5. Carefully protected by a good coating, nothing can damage the top of that desk.
6. Quite pleased with his quick reply, Frank's smile lit up the room.
7. While preparing my resume, my grandmother brought me tea and cookies.
8. Locked in a box for fifty years, the owner of the jewels has finally decided to sell them.
9. Having killed a man and served four years in prison, I feel that this character is ready for more trouble.
10. The police said the Toyota traveled down the shoulder for almost 1,000 feet and then hit a telegraph pole going about 45 miles an hour.
11. Do not sit in the chair if not fully assembled.
12. We saw many bears driving through Yellowstone Park.
13. I know a man with a wooden leg named Smith.
14. I have a pearl ring from a passenger found on the floor.
15. A woman was selling hot dogs dressed in a bikini.
Exercise 3.6. Find misplaced modifiers and correct the sentence:
1. The tree almost is twice as tall as the house.
2. The committee established the need for radical new approaches to the problem in its report.
3. After your registration you may either pay for your textbooks by check or by credit card.
4. This morning I saw five turtles on a walk down the road.
5. I am trying to not only improve my typing speed but also my accuracy.
6. Fred observed several people jogging down the road from his porch.
7. You only can hear the band in that concert next Friday.
8. People who run long distances occasionally may suffer from muscle soreness.
9. You either make the repair now, or you run the risk of a major breakdown later.
10. Marsha has almost found all the books related to her research project.
11. Yesterday there was a presentation about the importance of careful disposal techniques for nuclear waste in my biology class.
12. The two girls saw a huge spider walking out of the library.
13. Please recognize that every adult is not as interested in physical fitness as you are.
14. They have either shipped the package or they will bring it when they come.
15. Students who do not go to the computer lab often have difficulty with their programming.
16. I have a terrific novel about counter-intelligence work in my locker at the gym.
17. By attending the conference I both profited from the speeches and the association with new friends.
18. The chairperson rose and said, "Professor Hubert will tell us how to prepare our own tax returns in a few minutes."
19. At Tommy's birthday party the children almost ate every one of the four dozen cookies his mother had baked.
Exercise 3.7. Translate into English using participles where possible.
1. Оставив вещи в камере хранения, мы пошли осматривать город.
2. Оставляя пальто в гардеробе, вы получаете номер.
3. Человек, оставивший свой чемодан в вестибюле, прошел к администратору.
4. Пассажиры, оставляющие свои вещи в камере хранения, получают квитанцию.
5. Вещи, оставляемые в камере хранения, сохраняются там двадцать дней.
6. Вещи, оставленные в трамвае, могут быть получены в любое время на станции у дежурного.
7. Оставшись один, он начал распаковывать вещи.
8. Я не мог переодеться, так как оставил вещи на вокзале.
9. Мы пробыли весь день в городе и уехали вечером.
10. Купив билеты и оставив вещи на вокзале, мы решили навестить друзей.