- •Grammar
- •Verbals Syntax
- •1. Verbals: Forms and Types
- •2. Participle
- •3. Participle: forms and functions
- •4. Participle: participial phrases
- •5. Participles in the language of science and documents
- •In the function of the adverbial modifier, participles are sometimes emphasized by “as it is” (for Participle I) or “as it does” (for Participle II).
- •6. Constructions with participles
- •1. Nominative With the Infinitive (always to-infinitive)
- •2. Nominative with the Participle
- •3. Other
- •7. Constructions with participles (Cont’d)
- •1. Absolute participial constructions:
- •2. Absolute non-participial constructions (being is missing):
- •In absolute constructions.
- •8. Participles: review
- •9. Infinitive: Functions, Bare Infinitive
- •10. Infinitive: Constructions and phrases
- •It is hard / easy / good / bad / impossible / not for smb. To do smth.
- •11. Infinitive: Infinitive or -ing-form?
- •12. Gerund: Forms and Functions
- •Verbal features:
- •13. Gerund and infinitive after verbs
- •15. Gerund: review
- •16. Gerund: review
- •1. Syntax. Simple sentence. Subject.
- •2. Subject (Cont’d).
- •1. Notional “It”:
- •2. Formal “It”
- •1. Nominative With the Infinitive
- •2. Nominative With the Participle
- •3. Other
- •3. Principal parts of the sentence. Predicate
- •1. Simple
- •2. Compound
- •If the idea is “He performed the action in silence”, then “He did it silently.”
- •4. Compound predicate (Cont’d)
- •5. Subject-predicate agreement
- •6. Object
- •It shows the person to whom or for whom the action is done.
- •I bought my girlfriend a nice present. À I bought it for her yesterday.
- •7. Object (Cont’d)
- •I find it impossible (to argue with him).
- •I’m waiting for you to tell me. (prepositional object)
- •8. Object (Cont’d)
- •I allow you to go.
- •9. Attribute
- •10. Attribute (Cont’d)
- •11. Simple sentence (final remarks)
- •In no time we were at 2,800 feet.
7. Object (Cont’d)
D. Cognate
used with intransitive verbs to emphasize or modify the verb’s meaning
She died. à She died a dreadful death.
to distinguish a cognate object from a direct one, use the following:
She laughed a hearty laugh. the object modifies the verb and can be replaced
by an adverb (laughed heartily)
à cognate object
She sang a good song. It does not mean She sang well.
à direct object
Exercise 7.1. Translate using cognate objects.
Он умер героически. Старик тяжело вздохнул. Они жили долго и счастливо. Мы крепко спали. Она горько рассмеялась. Он грустно улыбнулся. Он нанес смертельный удар. Они ожесточенно боролись.
E. Complex objects
a) Accusative with the Infinitive
bare infinitive: see, hear, feel (=perceive), watch, observe, notice ...
let, make, have, help
to-infinitive: know, believe, consider, feel (=expect), find ...
pronounce, declare, report ...t
want, wish, desire, like, hate ...
order, allow, cause, get ...
b) Accusative with the Participle
participle I see, hear, feel, keep ...
participle II consider, want, wish, desire, have, get
c) Accusative with the Predicative Elements (adj., nouns)
I find it impossible (to argue with him).
They elected him President.
d) Constructions with Gerunds and Infinitives
She didn’t mind my saying so. (direct object)
I’m waiting for you to tell me. (prepositional object)
Exercise 7.2. Transform sentences using complex objects and analyze the objects.
1. Almost the entire school saw how the box was delivered.
2. From where she stood everything could be heard going on at once.
3. He considers he’s got little thanks from his wife and five kids.
4. He was heard to go downstairs.
5. He was made to eat much and sleep after lunch.
6. I believe they used to be very good at physics and other pure sciences.
7. I’ll ask somebody to bring up your things and unpack them.
8. If your wife is willing to take you away from me, I didn’t blame you.
9. She was found divine by everybody.
10. The girl was noticed standing listlessly by a pillar.
Exercise 7.3. Transform complex objects into complex subjects.
1. A short convulsive movement of the body made her faint.
2. Do you expect me to pay for this excursion of yours?
3. Everybody watched the train pull out.
4. How can we expect anyone to think well of us when such things are written about us?
5. I don’t even think they heard us come in.
6. I have never seen Lester complain before.
7. I overheard Dale saying something about it.
8. Nobody heard him talking to himself.
9. Nothing will make me believe it was true.
10. We knew him to have refused his office in the interests of his profession.
Exercise 7.4. Supply the particle TO if necessary.
1. He gave a quick grin that made his lean face ... look more lean and twisted than ever.
2. Ever since I came into this silly house I have been made ... look like a fool.
3. I’m the cook and I won’t have anyone ... come interfering in my kitchen.
4. He let the hammer ... drop out of his hands.
5. The poor boy was absolutely broke and it made my heart ... bleed.
6. Conrad had never known her ... talk so much.
7. He knew this nice sweet lady ... be his enemy and ... hate him.
8. I want to look at him and hear him ... talk.
9. The door was heard ... open and close.
10. She felt herself ... be tall and fresh and slim.
11. I felt my blood ... freeze.
12. When she reach the front steps, she heard the taxi ... drive away, she turned and watched it ... disappear in the darkness.
13. Never once had she been seen ... cry.
14. I came to get someone ... tell me the truth.
15. I’ll have Bertha ... bring you breakfast.
16. I have never known Hector ... behave like this.
17. He looked at his watch and ordered the cab ... be brought round immediately.
18. She watched him ... go up the street and ... enter the door.
19. He can get other people ... do anything for him.
20. You won’t allow this newspaper ... gossip about your wife.