1. Syntax. Simple sentence. Subject.

 

A. Simple sentence. Classification

 

According to the purpose of the utterance:

1. declarative, or : a. _____________, b. negative;

2. , or questions: a. general (yes/no-questions), b. special

(wh-questions), c. alternative (or-questions), d. disjunctive (tag-questions);

3. , or commands;

4. , or

 

Exercise 1.1. Define the type of the sentence.

 

Presently, looking along the road, Kezia saw two little dots. Now she could see that they were the Kelveys. “Hello,” she said to the passing Kelveys. “You can come and see our doll’s house if you want to.” But at that Lil turned red and shook her head quickly. “Why not?” asked Kezia. Lil gasped, then she said, “Your ma told our ma you wasn’t to speak to us.” - “Oh, well,” said Kezia. She didn’t know what to reply. “It doesn’t matter… Come on. Nobody’s looking. … Don’t you want to?” asked Kezia… Kezia led the way. Like two little stray cats they followed across the courtyard to where the doll’s house stood. “I’ll open it for you,” said Kezia kindly. She undid the hook and they looked inside. “There’s the drawing-room and the dining-room and that’s the - “ “Kezia!” Oh, what a start they gave!… It was Aunt Beryl’s voice. “Run away, children, run away at once.”

(K.Mansfield)

 

Exercise 1.2. Define the type of the sentence.

 

Isn’t it gorgeous weather?! (______) Scarcely ever has the British nation suffered so much shame. (______) How kind you are. (______) This way, sir. (______) So that’s your little game, is it? (______) You realize what the risks are? (______) Wasn’t it a marvelous concert?! (______) Somebody open this door, please. (______) Do come tomorrow again, will you? (______) Who knows? (______) Boy! Am I hungry! (______) Mary stand over there. (______) What difference does it make? (______) Will you shut the door, please? (______) Is no one going to defend me? (______) I wonder whether you would mind putting it on the table. (______) Don’t let anyone fool himself that he can get away with it (______) Let’s all work hard. (______) If anyone shrinks from this action, let him speak now. (______) I’ve spoken to hardly anyone who disagrees with me. (______) Do have some more sherry. (______) How I used to hate geography. (______) Why get so upset? (______) What an enormous crowd came! (______) What about the house? (______) How about joining us? (______) How do you do? (______) Out with it. (______) To think I was once a millionaire. (______) You and your statistics! (______) Suffice it to say we lost. (______) Bless you. (______) Do we care? (______)

 

Exercise 1.3. Make sentences negative. Mind the italicized words.

 

We had some lunch today. I was speaking to someone. I saw him somewhere. She was somehow surprised. They sometimes visit us. He helped to some extent. They have arrived already. John is coming too. He’s still there. He saw one or the other of them. Let someone do it instead of you. Let’s go watch some video.

 

Exercise 1.4. Choose the correct and explain your choice.

 

No one has ever said (something / anything) to (one / either) of us. Not many of the refugees have (somewhere / anywhere) to live (already / yet). He has promised that (some / any) of you will be released (already / yet). I seldom get (some / any) sleep. Only two of us had (some / any) experience at sailing. Can I have (some / any) milk in my coffee, please? Will (someone / anyone) help me, please? May I give you (some / any) more tea? On the whole, my answers were correct, though I could not answer (some / any) of his questions. Come (some / any) day you like. “Do you want me to buy (some / any) newspaper for you? Which one?” - “(Some / Any) will do.” Is there (some / any) chance of seeing (some / any) of his pictures? He left without saying good-bye to (some / any) of us. They spoke French with hardly (some / any) accent. Would you like (something / anything) to eat. (Something / Anything) else, sir?

 

Exercise 1.5. Supply the necessary tag.

 

There isn’t much time left, … I didn’t see any birds, … Never again will I make that mistake, … Stop arguing, … Each of us knew about that, … She scarcely seems to care, … He was unaware of any hostility, … Every person has some opinion, … I’m late, … Open the door, … There was never any talk about it, … Don’t be late, … Let’s go for a walk, … Let him do it tomorrow, …I don’t suppose he cares, … There was a desk on the platform, … Everyone has been told what to do, …They were hardly interested, …

 

Exercise 1.6 Translate.

 

Разве вы не любите теннис? Вы не любите теннис? Неужели ваша сестра не знает об этом? Ваша сестра не знает об этом? Разве он не в институте сейчас? Он не в институте сейчас? Разве вы еще не написали письмо? Вы не написали письмо?

 

Exercise 1.7. Make the sentences exclamatory using “so/such” or “how/what”. Start with “My Goodness! Boy! My!”, etc.

 

You are a child. The path was very narrow. She sang easily and well. The baby had big brown eyes. She spoke angrily, twisting a wet handkerchief in her hands. They ran noiselessly. She was always kind to me. The leaves of the maples are turning red and yellow. He told us a very personal story. She looked rather angry. It was a tiring day. It was a relief to everybody to hear it. It sounds exciting. It sounds like an exciting adventure.

 

According to the structure:

1. two-member sentences: a. complete, b. elliptical;

2. one-member sentences: a. nominal, b. predicative (usually, commands)

 

Exercise 1.8. Define the structure of the sentence:

 

He couldn’t help smiling. (______) Dusk - of a summer night. (______) Freedom! Bells ringing out, flowers, kisses, wine. (______) Best to forget all about her. (______) What were you doing? - Drinking. (______) It’s a wonderful picture, Mr.Green. What a type! (______) “Can’t kick my heels here for ever,” thought Soames. (______) Out with it! (______) I’m sure Dr.Sheppard will see me. He must. (______) The dull pain and the life slowly dripping out of him. (______) “Any more new patients?” called Nurse Lake. (______) No! To have his friendship, his admiration, but not at that price. (______) Youth! Beauty! Novelty! They are badly wanted in this house! (______) Anything else? (______) To die out there - lonely, wanting them, wanting home! (______) Everybody upstairs! (______) Can’t expect the girl to know by instinct. Too little experience. (______) Winter! (______) Are you angry? - I’m not. (______) Waiting for the bus? (______) The Boss in? (______) Two cups of coffee, please. (______)

 

“Why did you leave the baby in that mill?” - “Out of the rain.” - “In her pram?” - “Naturally. She was asleep.” …The mystery was awful and complete. Abandoned perambulator! Total disappearance of the baby! Horror! Martyrdom! Death!

 

 

B. Principal Parts of the Sentence. Subject.

 

Exercise 1.9. Find the subject and say what it is expressed by.

 

1. 1.    The sulky waiter brought my tea.

2. 2.    Marcellus slowly turned his head.

3. 3.    Ada’s is a noble heart.

4. 4.    We heard Montgomery shouting my name.

5. 5.    That set me thinking of my plan of action.

6. 6.    Both wanted the job and neither agreed to compromise.

7. 7.    All were clad in the same silky material.

8. 8.    One cannot read without commas and periods.

9. 9.    Anyone can be silent for a minute.

10. 10. Everyone come here.

11. 11. Theirs is not a very comfortable lodging.

12. 12. Who tore the book?

13. 13. The unusual should never be confused with the impossible.

14. 14. The wounded were taken good care of.

15. 15. Two are company and three are not.

16. 16. The two were quite unable to do anything.

17. 17. The first and fourth stood beside him in the water.

18. 18. To live is to work.

19. 19. To be a rich man is not always roses and beauty.

20. 20. For him to come was impossible.

21. 21. It was hard for her to hear those bitter words.

22. 22. Lying doesn’t go well with me.

23. 23. Winning the war is what counts.

24. 24. It’s useless speaking to her now.

25. 25. It’s raining too hard for me to go out.

26. 26. Annette’s being French might upset him a little.

27. 27. On is a preposition.

28. 28. No is his usual reply to any request.

29. 29. My lord and lady have been called away.

30. 30. My lord and master has been called away.

31. 31. Ham and eggs is a good breakfast.

32. 32. There’s a lot of truth in what he said.

33. 33. How to get there is another matter.

34. 34. What you decide is nothing to me.

35. 35. It is strange that you should have heard nothing.

36. 36. She was sure to succeed.

37. 37. The lock was found broken.

 

Exercise 1.10. Analyze the kinds of the sentences.

 

Laura was terribly nervous. Tossing the velvet ribbon over her shoulder, she said to a woman standing by, “Is this Mrs.Scott’s house?” and the woman, smiling queerly, said, “It is, my lass.” Oh, to be away from this! She actually said, “Help me, God!” as she walked up the tiny path and knocked. To be away from these staring eyes, or to be covered up in anything, one of those women’s shawls even! I’ll just leave the basket and go, she decided. I won’t even wait for it to be emptied.

Then the door opened. A little woman in black showed in the gloom.

Laura said, “So you are Mrs.Scott, are you.” But to her horror the woman said, “Walk in, please, miss,” and she was shut in the passage. “No,” said Laura, “I don’t want to come in. Will you please let me leave this basket?”

The little woman in the gloomy passage barely seemed to hear her. “Could you step this way, please,” she said in an oily voice, and Laura followed her.

 

Exercise 1.11. Analyze the structure of the sentences.

 

1. 1.    We must go to meet the bus. Wouldn’t do to miss it.

2. 2.    Obedient little trees, fulfilling their duty.

3. 3.    He knew very little about what was going on in the world. Lived like a mole. Lived on his own fat like a bear in winter.

4. 4.    He wants to write a play for me. One act. One man. Decides to commit suicide.

5. 5.    A beautiful day, quite warm.

6. 6.    “What do you want?” - “Bandages, stuff for wounded.”

7. 7.    “How did he look?” - “Gray but otherwise much the same.” - “What about his daughter?” - “Pretty.”

8. 8.    And then the silent and the beauty of this camp at night. The stars. The mystic shadow water.

9. 9.    Garden at the Manor house. A flight of gray stone steps leads up to the house. The garden, an old-fashioned one, full of roses. Time of year, July. Basket chairs, and a table covered with books, are set under a large tree.

 

Exercise 1.12. Find and analyze the subject.

 

1. 1.    There was no sign of any of the other guests.

2. 2.    Something impersonal and humble in that action seemed to reassure the Consul.

3. 3.    Now, there is nothing intimate in sharing an umbrella.

4. 4.    The sight of them, so intent and so quick, gave Bertha a curious shiver.

5. 5.    What time is it? - Eight in the morning.

6. 6.    Still, the good of mankind was worth working for.

7. 7.    Sometimes the past injects itself into the present with a peculiar force.

8. 8.    Forgetting some things is a diffiicult matter.

9. 9.    To cross from one end to the other was difficult because of the water.

10. 10. There was an eagerness and excitement in the faces of the men.

11. 11. Let’s get out quick. It’s no good wasting time.

12. 12. Yes, that did sound rather far-fetched and absurd.

13. 13. To live on good terms with people one must share their work and interests.

14. 14. These three deemed themselves the queens of the school.

15. 15. Who knew these people. Who were they? What were they?

16. 16. High and low all made fun of him.

17. 17. It’s a point of discipline for a woman to look at her best.

18. 18. And now his heir and nephew has begun to bid for his uncle’s favor.

19. 19. It’s so cold, it’s almost freezing.

20. 20. The boy was named Charlie.