- •Revision lecture 1
- •Analytical formations in the English language
- •Future tense analytical formations
- •Passive constructions development
- •Perfect constructions.
- •Continuous forms development
- •But the last structure didn’t denote the process, it was used to show imperfection. This structure also had the meaning of the action beginning & intensity and also denoted the state.
- •6) Analytial forms with the verb “do”.
- •7) Analytical forms of the Subjunctive mood.
- •8) Analytical forms of the Infinitive.
- •9) Analytical forms of Participles.
- •Revision lecture 2
- •§ 2. Eme & lme dialecte
- •Lme dialects
- •Ene period (1475 – 1660)
- •Dialectical division in England (19th – 20th century)
- •Geographical Expansion of the English language outside England.
- •Revision lecture 3
- •1.1. Etymological analysis.
- •B atcombe
- •Outside of place-names borrowings from Celtic were very few no more than a dozen.
- •Word – formation in oe According to the morphological structure all oe words are divided into 3 groups: (1) simple (root-words) ● land, sinƺan, ƺod (land, sing, good)
- •Ways of word formation
- •W ord formation in oe
- •Scandinavian influence on the vocabulary (me)
- •French borrowings
- •Borrowings from contemporary languages in ne
- •Borrowings from classical languages
- •Word-formation history
Scandinavian influence on the vocabulary (me)
Today a lot of place names in the northen & eastern areas has the Scandinavian componens.
● thorp (village); toft (piece of land); byr (O. Sc. village), ness (cape), beck (rivulet) (ручей)
● Troutbeck, Grimsby, Inverness, Brimtoft.
In the beginning Scandinavian loan-words were dialectically limited but due to the mixture they penetrated into other parts of the language space, into London English & the national language. The total number of Scandinavian borrowings in English is estimated about 900 words & about 700 words belong to Standard English. Semantic sphere of the most number of loan – words pertain to everyday life, some of them deal with military & legal matters reflecting the relations of the people during the Danish raids.
● OE cnif > knight
laƺu law
utlaƺu outlaw
feolaƺa fellow
husbonda (хозяин дома) husband
Close contacts between these two languages can be proved by the fact of borrowing some form-words which are rarely borrowed from a foreign language.
● OE hie > they
hē > he
hēo > she
It’s difficult to distinguish Scandinavian loans from the native English words. The only criteria can be some phonetic features. (1) The Scandinavian cluster sound [sk] was palatalized in to [ƒ] in ME but didn’t change in loan – words.
● sky, skill, skull, skirt
(2) Other critia are the sounds [k] [g] before front vavels, which in native words became [tƒ], [dƺ] but not in all cases.
● kid (O. Sc.) chin (OE) < cin
French borrowings
They were brought to England by the Norman conquest. There appeared so called Anglo-Norman language which died out two hundred years later having influenced upon English greatly.
Firstly French words were restricted to some spheres of English the speech of the aristocracy & educated people. Finally French loan-words spread throughout the languages space & became an integral of the English vocabulary being used not only in oral communication but also in translation of French books.
Semantic spheres of the French borrowings are as follows:
the govenment and administration
● assembly, authority, court, chacellor, people, power, etc.
the feudal system
● baron, noble, countess, prinse, duke, etc.
military terms
● aid, army, navy, company, soldier, etc.
law and jurisdiction
● accuse, court, crime, damage, money, marriage, etc.
church & religion
● abbey, altar, grace, pray, vice, etc.
house & architecture
● arch, castle, palace, cellar, pillar, column, etc.
entertainment
● cards, dance, chase, pleasure, sport, etc.
forms of address
● sir, madam, mister, mistress, etc.
manes of meals & dishes
● dinner, supper
The names of meals are aften French but the names of animal are English.
● beff, veal, mutton, pork, bakon (French)
ox, cow, calf, sheep, swine (English)
town trades
● butcher, carpenter, draper, grour, painter, etc.
There were a lot of words that can’t be reffered to a definite semantic sphere.
● advice, honest, satisfy, remember, sure, travel, etc.
The influence of French wasn’t limited to the borrowing of words & roots but affixes as well.
Assimilation of French loan-words was more difficult than of Scandinavian ones because French belonged to a different linguistic group. They contained many new sounds such as nasalized vowels, [y] & soft palatalized consonants. As a rule the words were adapted to the norms of English pronunciation [y] > [u]
● O Fr. vertu ME vertu NE virtue
[l’] [n’] ⇨ [l], [n]
● faillir [l’] – O Fr. > fall [l]
The nasalized vowels lost their nasal character
● O Fr. Chambre > ME chaumbre > NE chamber
The stress in loan – words was shifted according to the English rules due to the rhythmic or recessive tendency.
The most important aspect of assimilation was the participation of borrowed words and their components in word formation.
● L ME verrai – ly NE very
un – fruit – ful NE unfruitfull
gentil – man > gentleman