6) Analytial forms with the verb “do”.

In the 15^th century the verb “do” together with its lexical meaning was used as an auxiliary verb in analytical forms of the Present and the Past Indefinite.

7) Analytical forms of the Subjunctive mood.

In the OE period the subjunctive was widely used in the main and subordinate clauses to express diferent meanings: a wish, an advice, a condition, supposition & so on.

In ME they were not analytical as well because they had not only the meaning of the subjuntive mood but also the meaning of the modal verbs.

The system of analytical subjuctive forms appeared only in E. Md. E. Some modal verbs lost there lexical meaning and became the Part of the analyrical forms

● might + Inf.

should + Inf.

may + Inf.

would + Inf.

8) Analytical forms of the Infinitive.

The infinitive existed in the OE period but its analytical forms appeared only in ME (Perfect and Passive forms) and in E Md E (Continuous & Perfect Continuous forms).

9) Analytical forms of Participles.

The forms of Participles were used in the OE and ME but as analytical constuctions they developed only in E. Md. E.

The Passive of Part I was used in the function of an attribute & an adverbial modifier. Together with the Passive forms there appeared the Perfect Participle to indicate the meaning of the preceded action in the function of an adverbial modifier.

10) Gerund analytical forms.

The Gerund forms developed from the OE verbal substantive. They existed in parallel to the end of the 18^th century (E Md E). Since that time the analytical froms of the Gerund. i.e. Passive and Perfect developed greatly, but they also could be met in the ealier written records (16^th – 17^th century).

Revision lecture 2

THE DEVELOPEMNT OF DIALECTS & OTHER ENGLISHES

§ 1. Old Eng. dialects.

§ 2. Early ME dialets. L ME dialects. London dialect.

§ 3. NE period.

§ 4. Expansion of the English language from the 17^th to 19^th centuries outside Great Britain.

§ 1. OE dialects

Tribal Germanic dialects were transformed into local or regional dialects:

1. Kentish (Kent, Surrey, the Isle of White < the tongue of the Jutes & Frisians);

2. Wets Saxon (the rest of England except Wales & Cornwall < Saxon group tongue);

3. Mercian (the kingdom of Mercia < the Speech of southern Angles);

4. Northumbrian (from the Humber North to the river Forth < Anglian dialect)

Pre-Germanic languages in Britain:

1. The Celtic language:

1. The Gaelic Branch: [ei] (гаэл.)

• Irish (or Erse) – survived in Ireland;

• Scotch-Caelic – now it's spoken on the Isle of man (the Manx language);

1. The Britonnic branch:

• Kymric (Welsh) – in modern Wales;

• Breton (Armorican) – in the area of France (Bretagne);

• Cornish – (died out in the 18^th century).

2. Romance languages (after the Roman occupation; 55 BC – 410 A.D.)

• French;

• Spanish;

• Latin (spoken)

G ermanic tribes (A.D. 44 A)

t he Angles the Saxons the Jutes (or Frisians)

West Germanic dialects