2. Answer the following questions:

1. Who was Kant trained and influenced by?

2. What were Kant’s main ideas on philosophy in 1750s and 1760s?

3. What was argued in Kant’s Inaugural Dissertation?

4. Why was Kant’s position in “Critique of Pure Reason” called “formal” or “critical” idealism?

5. What works supplemented Kant’s first Critique?

6. What is interchangeable in Kant’s opinion?

7. What is “pure reason” for Kant?

8. Explain how you understand Kant’s Copernican Revolution?

9. What did Kant present as preferable to all alternative explanations?

10. How is moral value determined?

11. What is a categorical imperative?

12. What happens to people when they accept categorical imperative?

13. What are perfect and imperfect duties?

3. Give English equivalents for the following expressions:

прорыв к собственной философии; настаивать на отношении к эпистемологии как изначальной (первой) философии; пространственно-временные знания; внепространственно-временные черты реальности; всецелая преданность идеализму; чистый разум; область свободы; внутреннее познавательное отношение к нашим представлениям; случайные (зависящие от обстоятельств) склонности; разумные желания и обстоятельства; сущность первичного бытия

4. Fill in the prepositions if necessary:

1. The breakthrough ___his own distinctive philosophy came ___ the 1770s, when he insisted ___ treating epistemology as the first philosophy.

2. This work resulted ___ his mature doctrine of transcendental idealism.

3. Kant supplemented his first Critique ___ several equally influential works___ practical philosophy.

4. ___a “pre-Copernican” view objects are considered just ___ themselves as “things-in-themselves” totally ___ from any intrinsic cognitive relation ___ our representations and thus it is mysterious how we could ever determine them a priori.

5. Kant presented his transcendental idealism as preferable ___ all alternative explanations.

6. Moral value is determined ultimately ___ the nature ___ the intention ___ the agent which ___ turn is determined ___ the nature of what Kant calls the general maxim or subjective principle underlying a person’s action.

7. ___ contrast, a categorical imperative is a directive saying what ought to be done ___ the perspective ___ pure reason alone.

8. One basic distinction is ___ strict duty and imperfect duty.

5. Give all possible derivatives of the following words:

Apply appearance nature present

Will irrespective equal hope belief

6. Give synonyms for the following words:

Evident value to act to accept gratitude

Aim specific duty distinction to involve

7. Match the words with their definitions:

1. to accommodate a) a very strong belief in smth which is good but probably

impossible to achieve;

2. to culminate b) a set of principles or beliefs, especially religious or political;

3. primarily c) able to happen only in a particular situation;

4. tantamount d) to have the same bad qualities or effect as smth else;

5. meritorious e) to provide enough space for smb or smth; to consider and

include smth when you are deciding what to do;

6. obligation f) to obey smth such as a rule or law; to behave in a way that

people think is correct or suitable;

7. irrespective g) to happen or exist as a final result of a process or situation;

8. to presume h) a belief that ideas should be based on real experience rather

than on theory;

9. contingent I) after a process or activity has ended; used for emphasizing

the main point that you are talking about;

10. ultimately j) mainly;

11. to conform k) to think that smth is true because it is likely, although

you cannot be certain;

12. idealism l) a belief that ideas and actions should be based on practical

reasons and knowledge, rather than on emotions or religious beliefs;

13. empiricism m) smth you must do for legal or moral principles;

14. rationalism n) deserving admiration and praise;

15. doctrine o) despite a particular fact, situation or quality.