Idioms, 380-81, 388, 447-53, 467, 512,

520, 533; imageable, 447, 450-51 , Image-schema examples: center-periphery, 283; container, 267, 271-73, 282-84, 286-88, 290, 300, 354, 362-63, 365-66, 383-84, 387, 434, 450;

end-of-path, 440-41; force, 146, 444, 458; front-back, 283; link, 283, 285-86, 290; part-whole, 283; path, 419, 425-26, 434, 441-42, 458; reflexive, 430-33; source-path-goal, 283; up-down, 283

Image-schema transformations, 440-44,

460

, Image-schemas, 105-8, 110, 113-14,116-17, 204-5, 267-75, 279-84, 288, 290-93, 296, 300-302, 312-13, 323, 336, 344-45, 351, 354-55, 362-63, 365-68, 372, 377, 379, 419-20, 422-30, 432-46, 453-61, 487, 557-59, 585; examples of (see Image-schema examples); kinaes-thctic nature of, 267-71, 296, 300, 312, 329, 336, 344-45, 355, 362, 372, 443, 445-46; as links between percep­tion and reason, 440; logical prop­erties of, 459; minimal variants of, 425, 427-28, 433

Imageable idioms, 447, 450-51

Images, conventional rich, 406, 444-56, 459

Images: mental, xi, xiv, 7-8, 13, 37, 46-47, 49, 52, 56, 107-10, 112-13, 126, 146, 165, 179, 183, 200, 259, 267, 269-70, 280, 285, 293, 302, 371, 406, 443-

46, 450, 453, 455, 459, 531-32;

schematic (see Image-schemas) Imagination, xi-xii, xiv, xvi-xvii, 7-9, 14, 31-32, 49, 112-13, 117, 165,183, 208, 210, 271. 285, 300, 303, 309, 338, 341, 367-68, 371-72, 586 Incidental properties. See Properties, in­cidental Incommensurability. See Relativism,

commensurability Independence assumption, 164 Indeterminacy of reference, 231-32, 239,

241-47, 252, 262 Indonesian, 460

Infinitival existential there-constructions. See There-constructions, existentials, infinitival

Information processing, 43, 339, 350, 352 Instance links. See Links, between sche-

mas and instance links Intensions, 126, 168, 170, 178-79, 237-38 Interactional properties, 51, 198 Internal realism. See Realism, internal Intersection (of container schemas), 458

Japanese. See Classifiers, in Japanese

Kernel sentences, 66

Kinaesthetic image-schemas. See Iroage-schemas, kinaesthetic nature of

Knowledge: definitional, 172; ency­clopedic, 138, 172. See also Analyticity

Landmark, 419-20, 423-37, 439-40, 443, 453, 458. See also Image-schemas

Language acquisition, 33, 64, 487, 493

Language death, 97, 111

Lexical choices, 496-97, 523, 567

Lexical independence hypothesis, 509-10

Link-schemas. See Image-schema exam­ples, link

Links: between form and meaning, 448-52, 492, 583 (see also Motivation); be­tween perception and reason (see Im-age-schemas, as links between percep­tion and reason); between schemas, 378, 420, 422, 427, 430, 433-34, 439, 441; instance, 424; metaphorical, 435, 460; similarity links, 424, 426; trans­formational, 425-26, 428-29, 432, 443, 460

LM. See Landmark

Locus of variation, 317-18, 329

Logical form, 463, 583-85

610 Subject Index

Lust, 409, 411-12, 414-15 Lust metaphors. See under Metaphors

Markedness, 59-61, 549 Markerese, 205, 207, 258 Mass entities, 428, 441, 443. See also Im­age-schema transformations; Image-schemas Mathematical logic, xiii, 177, 215, 219,

222-27, 254

Mathematics, 9, 17, 149-50, 177, 179, 183-84, 219-28, 232, 234, 254-56, 353-65, 368-69, 372-73, 488 Meaningfulness, xi, xiii, xv-xvii, 51, 158-59, 164-65, 167, 170, 173, 175-77, 207, 225-26, 232, 234, 252, 258-59, 266-68, 273. 279, 284, 291-92, 294, 301-3, 319, 340-41, 345, 348, 367, 370,372-73

Mental images. See Images, mental Mental representations, xii-xiii, 42-44, 116, 159, 163-65, 239, 255-56, 370, 372

Mental spaces, 68, 125, 130, 133, 213-14, 281-82, 339, 366, 458, 464-66, 542-44, 549, 552-53, 550, 552, 554, 556, 560, 570, 574, 582. 585 Mentalese, 227, 342, 463 Metamathematics, 221, 226, 355 Metaphoric models, 377, 379, 438, 464-

65, 508, 513-14, 536-39, 582 Metaphorical links. See Links, between

schemas and metaphorical Metaphorically denned, 225, 312, 321 Metaphor, general discussion of, xi-xii, xiv, 7-8, 19-20, 39, 48, 76. 68, 104, 108-10, 113-14, 116-17, 138, 165, 172, 181-83, 204, 209-10, 212, 216, 225, 227-28, 259, 268, 272-78, 281, 283-86, 288, 292, 294-97, 302-3, 305, 309-10, 312-15, 321, 325, 329, 336, 338-39, 341, 346-48, 349,351-55, 366-68, 371-72, 377-98, 405-15, 417-18, 434-40, 448-52, 456, 458, 460, 465, 486, 508-11, 513-14, 517-19, 523-24, 529-30, 536-39, 543, 558, 582, 585 Metaphors: activation is motion, 511, 513, 516, 538; activity is a container, 434; activity is a journey, 435; activity is motion, 523-24, 529-30, 538; anger is a burden, 396, 406; anger is a dangerous animal, 394; anger is an en­tity, 406; anger is an opponent, 391-92, 406; anger is fire, 388-89, 406; an­

ger is heat, 383, 388-89; anger is hot fluid in a container, 387-88, 406; an­ger is insanity, 390, 406; body is a container, 383; cause of anger is a physical annoyance, 395; causing an­ger is trespassing, 345; choosing is touching, 437; conduit, 104, 108-9, 114, 450-51; control is up, 406, 435-37, 439; discourse elements are en­tities, 517; discourse in the immediate future is moving toward us, 517; dis­course space is physical space, 517; ex­istence is location here, 518; ideas are entities, 450; immediately past dis­course is in our presence at a distance from us, 517; intimacy is physical closeness, 448; lack of control is down, 435-36; life is a journey, 439;

looking at something is taking it into consideration, 437; lust is a game, 411;

lust is a reaction to a physical force, 411; lust is heat, 410; lust is hunger, 409; lust is insanity, 410; lust is war, 411; lustful person is an animal, 410;

mind is a container, 450; mind-as-body, 437, 439; more is up, 276, 321, 406; nonexistence is location away, 518; nonvisual perceptual space is physical space, 511, 513; object of lust is food, 409; percepts are entities, 511, 513; physical appearance is a physical force, 413; realized is distal, 511, 513, 516, 538; seeing is touching, 437; sex­uality is a physical force, 411, 413; so­cial (or psychological) harm is physical harm, 448; soon-to-be-realized is prox-imal, 511, 513, 516; thinking about something is examining it, 439; time is money, 210; purposes are destinations, 277-78, 312, 321. See also Source domain; Source-to-target mapping;

Target domain

Metaphysical realism. See Realism, metaphysical

Metaphysics, 207-8, 296. See also Objec­tivism: metaphysics

Metonymic examples: Borkin-Nunberg-Fauconnier metonymies, 585; object-for-goal metonymy, 107; seeing some­thing done for making sure that it is done, 437; thing perceived stands for percept, 511-12, 514, 538

Metonymic models, 78-80, 82, 84-85, 90, 114-15, 117, 150, 152, 197, 203-4.

Subject Index 611

347-48, 367, 377, 379, 438, 464-65, 508,513-14, 536-39,582

Metonymically based reasoning, 152

Metonymy: examples of {see Metonymic examples); general discussion of, xi-xii, xiv, 8, 19, 68, 77-79, 107-“, 110, 115, 152, 165, 172, 183, 285, 288, 309, 341, 366, 368, 371-72, 377, 381, 390, 394,437, 510-13, 585

Mind-as-body metaphor, 437, 439

Minimal specification interpretation, 420, 422

Minimal variants. See Image-schemas, minimal variants of; There-constructions, minimal variants of

Mirror of nature, xiii, xvii, 162-63, 206, 370

Mixtec, 55, 308, 313-17, 323, 334, 344, 351

Modality, 444-46, 458, 496, 513

Model theory, 206, 230, 237-38, 250, 253, 583-85

Moderate indeterminacy. See Indeter­minacy of reference

Monolithic system, 317, 329, 335

Montague semantics, 144, 227, 569

Moral relativism. See Relativism, moral

Motivation, 65, 91, 96, 106-9, 113, 147-48. 278, 310, 346-t8, 351, 379, 383, 417, 438, 448-50, 464, 466, 487, 493, 537-40, 582

Motor program, xv, 13, 36, 38, 46-47, 49-52, 56, 112, 165, 269-70, 284, 303, 350, 371

MS. See Mass entities

Multiplex entities, 428-30, 437, 441-43. See also Image-schema transforma­tions; Image-schemas

Myth-and-Belief Principle, 94, 99

MX. See Multiplex entities

Narrative focus deictic there-constructions. See There-constructions,

deictics, narrative focus Natural kinds, 6, 9, 32, 34, 119, 161, '

169-70, 185-93, 195, 208, 211, 224,

270 Nature of variation. See Relativism,

variation Necessary and sufficient conditions, xiv,

52, 71, 74, 76, 81, 146, 149, 166, 185,

191,193,241,286,404,482 Negatability. See Deictic-existential com­parison

Negation, and interaction with frames,

131-33, 331 New enterprise deictic there-constructions, 483,533 NMR. See Nuclear magnetic resonance Noncuclidean geometry, 219-21, 226 Nonreflexive trajectors, 432, 442-43 Nouniness, 64 NRF. See Trajectors, nonreflexive Nuclear magnetic resonance, 298-99

Objectivism: categorization, 158-62,173-76, 179-82, 184-85 (see also Category types, classical); cognition, 158-60, 162-71, 173-75, 197-215, 229, 463, 586-87; concepts, 163-66; indepen­dence assumption, 164; metaphysics, 158-60, 169, 173-77, 183-95, 197, 207-8, 211, 223, 295-96 (see also Essentialism); scientific, 175-77;

semantics (see Semantics, objectivist).

Objeetivist categories. See Doctrine of objective categories; Objectivism, categorization

Odd numbers, 150-51

Ojibwa, 78-79, 312

One-dimensional trajector (1DTR), 425-26, 437, 442-43. See also Image-schemas; Image-schema transforma­tions

Ontological correspondences, 386-87, 394, 406

Ontological existential there-constructions. See There-constructions, existentials, ontological

Operators, 149, 217, 257, 363, 367

Over, 416-61; as prefix, 419, 437

Over schemas: above, 419, 425-26, 435;

above-across, 419-25; across, 425;

covering, 426-30; excess, 433-35; re­petition, 435; rotated, 429-30

Paragon deictic there-constructions. See There-constructions, deictics, paragon

Paragon-intonation construction, 527-29. See also There-constructions, deictics, paragon

Paragons. See Prototypes, paragons

Parsimony Principle, 147

Part-whole predication constraint, 557-59

Part-whole schema, 283

Path schemas. See Image-schema exam­ples, path

612 Subject Index

Path-focus, 442. See also Image-schema transformations; Image-schemas

Perceptual deictic there-constructions. See There-constructions, deictics, per­ceptual

Performative subordinate clauses, 473, 476-77

Pheneticist, 119-21, 185-86, 192-93, 209

Phonology, 60-63, 67, 180-81, 467, 489, 525-28, 533, 535, 564

Physiological effects, 381-83, 386, 389, 398-99, 401, 403

Platonic realm, 258, 355-56, 359-60, 368-69

Pointing gesture, 468, 490-91, 511, 544, 561, 579-80

Pointing-out ICM. See Idealized cognitive models, examples of, pointing-out ICM

Polysemy, 12-14, 313, 316-17, 333-34, 346, 378, 416-17,440,584

Possible world semantics. See Semantics, possible world

Pragmatics, 132,138-39, 171-72,182, 256, 259, 470, 472-73, 481, 488, 516, 527-28, 532-33, 583-84 t Preconceptual structures, 267, 270, 291-92, 296-97, 302-3, 322, 344

Predictable-arbitrary dichotomy, 438, 464,466

Prcsentational deictic there-constructions. See There-constructions, deictics, pre-sentational

Presentational existential there-constructions. See There-constructions, existentials, presentational

Presuppositions, 118,131-34, 260

Primary nuclear sense, 18-20

Primitive concepts. See Concepts, primi­tive

Principles of extension, 91, 111, 205, 367

Principles, central, 463-M, 492, 494, 537

Properties: accidental, 171; atomic, 162, 170, 270; characteristic but incidental, 138; definitional, 138-39; distin­guishing, 576-78; essential, 9, 161-62, 171-72, 179, 187, 586; essential and contingent, 172; incidental, xiii, xvi-xvii, 138-39, 147,161, 175, 231; in­teractional, 51, 198; shared, 435, 535, 576-77

Prepositional schemas. See Schemas,

propositional Propositional theory, 443

Prototype = representation. See Pro­totype theory interpretation

Prototype effects, 40-45, 54, 56-57, 59-63, 67-68, 70-71, 73, 76, 79-80, 82, 84-87, 89-91, 115-17. 136-39, 142-43, 149-52, 189, 196-97, 202-4, 212, 286, 288, 367, 379, 535-36, 584

Prototype theory interpretation: pro­totype = representation, 43, 137-39, 141^2, 151; effects = structure, 43, 136-38,145

Prototype theory, 465, 467-68, 482, 487, 537, 584

Prototypes: ideals, 76, 87, 90, 145, 289, 367; generators, 12, 14, 24, 30, 84, 88-90, 145, 149-50, 289, 367, 420, 422, 454; paragons, 87-88, 90,145, 367, 446; radial (see Category types, radial); salient examples, 89-90, 367;

social stereotypes, 79-82, 84-86, 90, 116, 145, 169, 289, 367, 446; submod­els, 79, 89-90, 145, 150-51, 248, 289, 367; typical cases, 32, 45, 86-87, 90, 190, 258, 289, 367, 446

Prototypical scenarios, 397-406

Pseudo-cleft, 579

Putnam's theorem, 229, 236-37, 239-41, 245. 249, 256-57, 372, 463

Radial categories. See Category types, ra­dial

Raising-constructions, 469, 472, 547-48, 568-69

Rampant indeterminacy. See Indeter­minacy of reference

Rape, 409, 412, 414-15

Rational properties, 564-65

Realism: basic, 158-59, 176, 260, 265-66, 271, 372; computational, 339-40, 343-47, 351; ecological, 216-17; experien­tial, xv, 158,176, 206, 210, 247, 252, 265-68, 282, 292, 294, 300, 343-45, 364, 372; internal, 247, 252, 259, 261-66, 268; metaphysical, 229, 244, 260-62, 264; scientific, 176-77, 265

Reduced relative clause, 550, 551-52

Reference relation, 239-40, 245^6, 250, 260, 290, 360. See also Indeterminacy of reference

Reference-point reasoning, 13, 15, 23, 41, 45, 89, 145, 152, 204, 367

Reference-via-mcaning doctrine, 168-70

Referential opacity, 213, 217, 458, 585

Reflexive schemas, 430-33

Subject Index 613

Reflexive trajectors, 430, 432, 442

Relativism: commensurability, 307, 322-24, 327-29, 336, 340; conceptual orga­nization, 270, 313-17, 323, 328-29, 334, 344, 351, 381; functional embodi­ment, 12-13, 318-20, 329, 334-35;

locus of variation, 317-18, 329; mono­lithic system, 317, 329, 335; moral, 324-26, 329-30, 336-37; status of con­cepts, 320-22; system vs. capacity, 310-11, 329, 335; translation issue, 18-19, 78, 205, 227, 258, 311-17, 320, 322-24, 327. 336, 340-41, 344, 351, 362, 364; understanding, 311-12;

variation, 307-9, 328-29, 335-36;

Whorf's views, 328-30

Reminders, 561-62. See also There-constructions, existentials, central

Representative members. See Categories, best examples of

Restricted predictions, 492-94, 537-38

RF. See Trajectors, reflexive

RFP. See Trajectors, reflexive path

Rich images, 406, 444-56, 459

Ross constraints, 551

Rotation, 429, 445-46. See also Image-schema transformations; Image-schemas

Russell's paradox, 458

Salient examples, 89-90, 367 Same construction condition, 515 Same lexical sense condition, 515 Scenario, prototypical, 397-406 Scenarios, 78, 90, 284-86, 524. See also

Anger, prototypical scenario; Scripts Schemas, propositional, 68-70, 93, 96,

122, 137. See also Image-schemas Schematic images. See Image-schemas Scientific objectivism, 175-77 Scripts, 68, 78, 116, 284. See also Sce­narios Seeing ICM, 125-30 Semantic representation, 463 Semantics: cognitive, 269-303; formal, 180, 219, 222, 226-27, 233; frame. 21, 68, 116, 176, 217, 228, 289, 301, 312, 322, 584-“5; objectivist, 125-26, 129-31, 140, 142, 145, 158, 167-69, 171-73, 175-79, 185-86, 194-95, 197, 199, 7QI-4, 208-9, 211-15, 217-18, 229, 231-32, 234, 237, 240-41. 243, 245, 247, 252, 254, 256, 258, 264, 270, 282, 342, 367, 464, 466, 584; possible

world, 133, 166-67, 171-72, 178, 213-14, 217, 236, 282: situation, 125-26, 130, 133, 178, 213-14, 246, 282; truth-conditional, 146, 231, 236, 238-39, 243, 246, 248-49, 252, 313, 316-17 (see also Semantics, objectivist)

Sets, 21, 140, 143, 180, 208

Set theory, 14-15, 21-22, 27-30, 138-44, 180, 196, 208, 211, 356-62, 368, 373. See also Fuzzy set theory

Set-theoretical models, 159, 178-80, 212, 255, 273

Shared properties, 435, 535, 576-77

Shared subschemas, 426. See also Links, between schemas and similarity links

Shawnee, 459

Similarity links. See L^nks, between sche­mas and similarity links

Situation semantics. See Semantics, situa­tion

Social stereotypes. See Prototypes, social stereotypes

Sound images, 146, 444

Source domain, 276-78, 288, 384, 386-88, 406, 411, 417, 435, 451, 514, 536

Source-path-goal schemas, 283

Source-to-target mapping, 276

Souslin's hypothesis, 358-59

Spare-ICM, 132-33

Spatial deictic there-constructions, 505, 541

Spatialization of form, 383

Speaker meaning, 171

Speaker, 493

Species, 9, 33-37, 94, 100, 119, 187-95, 197, 209, 266, 269, 337, 372

Speech act constructions, 474-81

Split reference, 213

State description, 178

Status of concepts, 320-22

Stereotypes, Putnam's, 168-69

Strange existential there-constructions. See There-constructions, existentials, strange

Subcategories, 379, 463-64, 492, 582

Subject prototype, 64-65

Subjecthood. See Deictic-existential com­parison

Submodels. See Prototypes, submodels

Subschema, 426

Syllogism, 353-54

Symbolic models, 377, 467, 471, 583

Symbols, abstract, xii-xiii, xv, 7-8, 159, 163, 173, 370, 586