- •Навчальний посібник з англійської мови
- •Contents
- •Vocabulary
- •Передмова
- •Trowel - for planting out seedlings.
- •Spirit level – for making level paths, or checking the levels of existing paths, or for making sure that the foundations for a greenhouse are correct.
- •Rotation
- •Making the Most of the Soil
- •Four Year Rotation
- •Three Year Rotation
- •Table 2: Four-year rotation
- •The Herbs
- •General notes on vegetables
- •Cereal crops
- •What To Look For In Quality Seed
- •Germination
- •What To Avoid In Seed Selection
- •Weak Seed Produces Weak Seedlings
- •Seeding Depth
- •Seeding Rates
- •Cleaning or Buying Seed
- •Insect Pests
- •Oilseed crops
- •I. History:
- •II. Uses: a. Edible oil:
- •B. Meal:
- •C. Industrial Applications:
- •E. Forage:
- •1 In vitro dry matter disapperance
- •III. Growth Habit:
- •IV. Environment requirements: a. Climate:
- •B. Soil:
- •V. Cultural Practices: a. Seedbed Preparation:
- •B. Seeding Date:
- •C. Method and Rate of Seeding:
- •D. Fertility and Lime Requirements:
- •E. Variety Selection:
- •F. Weed Control:
- •G. Diseases:
- •H. Insects, Pollinators, and Birds:
- •VI. Harvesting:
- •VII. Economics of Production and Markets:
- •Corn oil Corn or maize oil is high in polyunsaturates and is one of the cheapest, most commonly used oils for cooking.
- •Gardening Terms
- •Reference section Pests and diseases
- •Vocabulary
- •Literature
H. Insects, Pollinators, and Birds:
Bees are beneficial to sunflower yield because they carry pollen from plant to plant which results in cross pollination. Some sunflower varieties will not produce highest yields unless pollinators are present. All varieties will produce some sterile seed (without meats), but varieties differ in their degree of dependence on insect pollinators. Autogamous sunflower hybrids do not require bees for maximum yield and will yield the same when covered by bags as uncovered. In non-autogamous sunflower varieties, pericarp (bull) development is normal but no ovules or meat develop. Wind is relatively unimportant in cross-pollination of sunflower.
Table 9: Common Insects in Sunflower
Sunflower moth Homoeosoma electellum |
Eggs are laid at flowering and hatch in 1 week. Larva have dark bands running length of body. Feeds on floral parts, tunnels in Seed. |
Banded sunflower moth Cochylis hospes |
Moth has brown area mid-wing Larvae are not dark striped, smaller than head moth. Makes a small hole in top of seed, feeds on meat. |
Sunflower bud moth Suleima helianthana |
Dark grey moth. Feeds on young stem and head. Headless or damaged heads or large hole on stem near a leaf petiole is symptom. |
Sunflower midge Contarinia schulzi |
Small gnat with tiny cream-colored larvae laid when head is 1" in diameter. Brown spots at base of individual florets or absence of ray flowers, cupping of heads is symptom. |
Sunflower headclipping weevil Haplorynchites aeneus |
Black weevil causes head drop. |
Sunflower beetle Zygogramma exclamationis |
Adult with yellow strips length of wing covers. Humpback yellow larvae causes large areas of defoliation. |
Sunflower maggot Strauzia longipennis |
Adult a yellow fly with dark wing markings, smaller than housefly. Maggots burrow in stem. |
Red sunflower seed weevil Smicronyx fulvus |
Adult is rusty colored, and found in head. Adult female drills egg hole in developing seed and lays egg in hole. Larvae internal to seed; white legless with dark head capsule. |
Gray sunflower seed weevil Smicronyx sordidus |
Adult is gray colored; has behavior similar to red sunflower seed weevil. |
Sunflower stem weevil Cylindrocopturus adspersus |
A robust brown and white spotted snout beetle found on the stem and in leaf axils. Drills egg hole in stem in which it lays its egg. The larva, a white legless larva, burrows in the stem pith. Much more abundant in droughty sites and years. |
Birds can be major pests in sunflowers. Especially important are blackbird, goldfinch, dove, grosbeak and sparrow. Many approaches to disruption of feeding have been tried, including scarecrows, fright owls, aluminum strips that flutter in the wind, and carbide exploders. No techniques are 100% effective, as birds will adapt to many of these techniques. However, in many environments, some attempt is wanted. Currently, no chemicals are approved for bird control in sunflower.