16. Functional style classification. Functional style characteristics. Belles-letters style: substyles, common and peculiar features.

FS - patterned variety of literary text

Characteristics:

• Constituent typification to secure purpose of communication

• Relative stability

• History dependence

• Society dependence

Belles-Letters Substyles:

• Poetry, verse

• Emotive prose

• Drama

Common features:

• Aesthetico-cognitive function

• Definite linguistic features: genuine imagery, words in different meanings, individual syntax, colloquial language

• Author’s personal evaluation

Language of poetry:

• - Rhythmic and phonetic arrangement

• - Brevity of expression: elliptical sentences, detached construction, inversion

• - Fresh, unexpected imagery

Emotive prose:

• imagery is not so rich

• other styles are possible

• colloquial language

• writer’s speech and speech of characters

Drama:

• author’s speech absent (except for playwright’s remarks and stage directions)

• other styles are possible

• language is stylized

17. Functional style classification. Functional style characteristics. Publicistic style: substyles, common and peculiar features.

FS - patterned variety of literary text

Characteristics:

• Constituent typification to secure purpose of communication

• Relative stability

• History dependence

Society dependence

The publicistic style of language became a separate style in the middle of the 18th century. Unlike other styles, it has two spoken varieties, namely the oratorical substyle and the radio and TV commentary. The other two substyles are the essay (moral, philosophical, literary) and journalistic articles (political, social, economic). The general aim of publicistic style is to influence the public opinion, to convince the reader or the listener that the interpretation given by the writer or the speaker is the only correct one and to cause him to accept the expressed point of view.

Common features:

• coherent and logical syntactical structure;

• different connectives and careful paragraphing;

• words with emotive meaning;

• stylistic devices are not fresh or genuine;

• brevity of expressions.

oratorical style

Typical features:

• Direct address (ladies and gentlemen…, use of the 2^nd person you)

• Use of colloquial words and contractions

• Usage of repetitions, similes and trite metaphors

• Usage of ready-made phrases or clichés.

Essay – a series of personal and witty comments

Typical features:

• brevity of expression;

• use of the 1^st person singular

• expanded use of connectives

• abundant use of emotive words

• use of similes, metaphors, epigrams, paradoxes and aphorisms.

18. Functional style classification. Functional style characteristics. Newspaper style: substyles, common and peculiar features.

FS - patterned variety of literary text

Characteristics:

• Constituent typification to secure purpose of communication

• Relative stability

• History dependence

• Society dependence

English newspaper writing dates from the 17^th century.

Functions:

• Informing and instructing readers

• Providing evaluation of published information

Newspaper includes: brief news item, advertisements and announcements, headlines, editorials.

Brief News Item

Purpose – to state facts without explicit comments.

Typical vocabulary features:

• special political and economic terms (president, election);

• non-term political vocabulary (nation, crisis, agreement, member);

• newspaper clichés (pressing problem, danger of war, pillars of society);

• abbreviations (UNO (United Nations Organization), TUG (Trades Union Congress), NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization);

• neologisms.

Typical grammatical features:

• Complex sentence with a developed system of clauses:

• Verbal constructions and verbal noun constructions…

• Syntactical complexes, especially nominative with the infinitive:

advertisements and announcements

Types: classified and non-classified

Features of classified ads and anns:

• Same elliptical pattern

• Absence of articles, punctuation marks

• Neutral vocabulary

• Abbreviations

Headline

Function – to inform and to catch reader’s attention.

Features:

• Emotionally colored words (End this Bloodbath)

• Breaking up of set expressions (Cakes and Bitter Ale)

• Pun, alliteration (And What about Watt)

• Interrogative sentences (Who likes War)

• Elliptical sentences

Editorials

The function of the editorial is to influence the reader by giving an interpretation of certain facts. Editorials comment on the political and other events of the day. Their purpose is to give the editor's opinion and interpretation of the news published and suggest to the reader that it is the correct one.