- •Stylistics. It’s subject, object and branches.
- •2.The varieties of the English language. Тhe peculiarities of the spoken and the written varieties.
- •Expressive means and stylistic devices as basic concepts of stylistics.
- •4.The notion of style in stylistics. The theory of functional styles. Functional style lassification.
- •5.Stylistic Differentiation of the vocabulary: vocabulary layers, their aspects, principles of interaction.
- •6. Stylistic stratification of the English vocabulary: literary vocabulary.
- •Barbarisms and Foreignisms
- •7. Stylistic stratification of the English vocabulary: colloquial vocabulary.
- •Vulgarisms are:
- •8. Lexical expressive means and stylistic devices based on interaction of primarily dictionary and contextually imposed meaning (metaphor, metonymy, irony).
- •9.Interaction of primary and derivative logical meaning: zeugma and pun
- •10. Interaction of logical and emotive meanings: epithets (semantic and structural classification)
- •11. Interaction of logical and nominal meanings: antonomasia, oxymoron.
- •12. Intensification of a certain feature of a thing or phenomenon: simile, hyperbole.
- •13. Intensification of a certain feature of a thing or phenomenon: periphrasis, euphemism.
- •14. Syntactical expressive means and stylistic devices. Classification. Stylistic inversion, parallel construction, detached construction, chiasmus.
- •15. Syntactical expressive means and stylistic devices. Classification. Suspense, Climax, Anticlimax, Antithesis.
- •16. Functional style classification. Functional style characteristics. Belles-letters style: substyles, common and peculiar features.
- •17. Functional style classification. Functional style characteristics. Publicistic style: substyles, common and peculiar features.
- •18. Functional style classification. Functional style characteristics. Newspaper style: substyles, common and peculiar features.
- •19. Functional style classification. Functional style characteristics. Scientific style: substyles, common and peculiar features.
- •20. Functional style classification. Functional style characteristics. Style of official documents: substyles, common and peculiar features.
9.Interaction of primary and derivative logical meaning: zeugma and pun
Zeugma is the use of a word in the same grammatical but different semantic relations to two adjacent words in the context, the semantic relations being literal and transferred. Zeugma always creates a humorous effect. Have a Coke and a smile! “Have” is realized in two different meanings: in the word combination “have a Coke” it’s direct (literal), in “have a smile” it’s transferred.
Pun – it has a humorous effect which may be based on misinterpretation of the speaker’s utterance by the other or by the result of the speaker’s intended violation of the listener’s expectation. When are true words – sweet words? When they are candid. Pun is also a play on words of the same sound, it may be based on homonymy, polysemy. Have you see any spirits or taken ones?(вы видели духов или выпили спирт?)
10. Interaction of logical and emotive meanings: epithets (semantic and structural classification)
Logical meaning – to denote concepts and thus classify individual objects into groups.
Nominal meaning – to single out of the group of similar objects one particular object
Epithet is a stylistic device based on the interplay of emotive and logical meanings in an attributive word, emotionally colored attitude of the speaker to the object he describes.
Two classifications:
Semantic class: 1) associated with the noun it refers - refer the mind to the concept due to some quality of the object it is attached to: careful attention
unassociated with it – attributes used to characterize the object by adding a feature unexpected in it: heart-burning smile.
Structural classification
Simple: rosy dream
Compound – built as compound adjectives blue-eyed girl
Phrase: It is this do-it-yourself, go-it-alone attitude towards development of the East's river resources."
Sentence: "There is a sort of 'Oh-what-a-wicked-world-this-is-and-how-I-wish-I-could-do-something-to-make-it-better-and-nobler expression about Montmorency that has been known to bring the tears into the eyes of pious old ladies and gentlemen."
Reversed (Inverted): a doll of the baby
11. Interaction of logical and nominal meanings: antonomasia, oxymoron.
Logical meaning – to denote concepts and thus classify individual objects into groups;
Nominal meaning - to single out of the group of similar objects one particular object.
Antonomasia is a stylistic device based on the interplay between the logical and nominal meanings of a word realized simultaneously.
type: I am tired of explaining each Mary the reason for my divorce.
Type: Mr. Snake (purpose to point important trait of the person)
Type: common noun serves as individual name: Mr. Evil.
Oxymoron is a combination of 2 words in which the meanings of the 2 clash, being opposite in sense: terribly beautiful.
Realization models: adj. + noun, adverb + adj.
12. Intensification of a certain feature of a thing or phenomenon: simile, hyperbole.
Simile
Different class belonging
Almost all objects properties are excluded
Purpose – to stress, underline
Comparison
One class belonging
All object properties are considered
Purpose – to establish sameness
Hyperbole is a deliberate overstatement or exaggeration of a feature essential to the object or phenomenon. (understatement – it is directed the opposite way)
Types:
Traditional: “a thousand pardons'; 'scared to death, 'immensely obliged‘; 'I'd give the world to see him.‘
Genuine:
"He was so tall that I was not sure he had a face."