Прошедшее совершенное время (The Past Perfect Tense)

1. Образование

The Past Perfect Tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в прошедшем времен: (had для всех лиц) и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола:

had + Participle II

He had finished his work before they arrived. — Он закончил работу до того, как ое приехали.

В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол ставится перед подлежащим:

Had he finished his work before they arrived?

В отрицательной форме отрицание not ставится после вспомогательного глагола:

Не had not (hadn't) finished his work before they arrived.

2. Употребление

The Past Perfect Tense употребляется для выражения действия, закончившегося к определенному моменту в прошлом.

Этот момент может быть выражен различно:

• может быть точно указано время, к которому действие было закончено. Оно обычно выражено обстоятельством времени с предлогом by (к):

I had written the report by two o'clock. — Я написал доклад к 2 часам.

• может иметься другое прошедшее действие, к началу которого рассматриваемое действие уже закончилось:

When we came to the station the train had already gone. — Когда мы приехали на станцию, поезд уже ушел.

Будущее совершенное время (The Future Perfect Tense)

1. Образование

The Future Perfect Tense образуется при помощи вспомогательного глагола to have в будущем времени и причастия прошедшего времени смыслового глагола:

shall (will) + Participle II

Не will have finished his work by 5 o'clock. — Он закончит работу к 5 часам.

В вопросительной форме вспомогательный глагол будущего времени ставится перед подлежащим:

Will he have finished his work by 5 o'clock? — Он закончит работу к 5 часам?

В отрицательной форме отрицание not ставится после вспомогательного глагола будущего времени:

Не will not have finished his work by 5 o'clock. — Он не закончит работу к 5 часам.

2. Употребление

The Future Perfect Tense употребляется для выражения будущего действия, которое совершится до определенного момента в будущем. Момент в будущем, к которому будет закончено действие, может быть выражен двояко:

• может быть указано время, к которому действие будет закончено (обычно обстоятельством времени с предлогом by:

I shall have written the report by 7 o'clock. — Я напишу доклад к 7 часам.

• может быть указано другое будущее действие, к началу которого рассматриваемое действие уже закончится:

Не will have finished the report when you come. — Он закончит доклад (к тому моменту), когда ты придешь.

Exercises

Exercise 1. Remake the sentences into the Present Perfect Tense.

1. The pupils are writing a dictation. 2. My friend is helping me to solve a difficult problem. 3. I am learning a poem. 4. She is telling them an interesting story. 5. Kate is sweeping the floor. 6. The waiter is putting a bottle of lemonade in front of him. 7. I am eating my breakfast. 8. We are drinking water. 9. He is bringing them some meat and vegetables. 10. You are putting the dishes on the table. 11. They are having tea. 12. She is taking the dirty plates from the table. 13. The children are putting on their coats. 14. Susan is making a new dress for her birthday party. 15. She is opening a box of chocolates. 16. I am buying milk for milk shakes. 17. James is ordering a bottle of apple juice. 18. We are looking for more CDs with good music. 19. Are you recording your favourite film on his video recorder? 20. I am translating a difficult article from German into Russian.

Exercise 2. Open the brackets paying attention to the use of the Past Perfect Tense.

1. He already (go) by the time I (come) to the party. 2. Mother (cook) dinner before he (come). 3. When I (reach) the front door, I realized that I (lose) the key. 4. The shop (close) by the time I (get) there. 5. The scientists (carry) out many experiments before they (achieve) satisfactory results. 6. When I (arrive), he (stay) in the same hotel where we first (meet). 7. By the end of the year he (finish) research. 8. He told me that he (not see) much of her since she (move) to another town. 9. When I (enter), ho already (come) and (sit) near the fireplace looking through a magazine. 10. She said that they (meet) in 1990 for the first time.

Exercise 3. Open the brackets using Present Continuous or Present Perfect.

1. What are you (to do) here? — I am (to write) a letter to my friends. 2. Who has (to write) this article? 3. What language are you (to study)? 4. We have already (to learn) a lot of English words. 5. What is she (to teach) them? 6. Who has (to teach) you to do it? 7. He has just (to do) something for us. 8. Have you (to find) the book? 9. What are you (to look) for? 10. What are you (to talk) about? 11. We have just (to talk) about it. 12. He has just (to say) something about it. 13. She is (to tell) them some interesting story. 14. He has (to tell) us nothing about it. 15. She has (to tell) them some stories и bout dogs. 16. We have (to have) two lessons today. 17. They are (to have) a meeting. 18. She has not (to speak) yet. 19. They have (to ask) me several questions. 20. He has already (to learn) the rule. 21. I am (to write) an exercise. 22. What is he (to do)? — He is (to read) a newspaper. 23. Have you (to read) any stories by Jack London? 24. I am (to answer) the telephone right now. 25. He has (to fix) the car and now he is (not to have) any trouble with the brakes anymore.

Exercise 4. Open the brackets using Past Simple or Past Perfect.

1. By two o'clock the teacher (to examine) all the students. 2. On my way to school I (to remember) that I (to leave) my report at home. 3. All my friends (to be) glad to hear that I (to pass) all the examinations successfully. 4. Poor Oliver (to lie) unconscious on the spot where Sikes (to leave) him. 5. He (to open) his eyes, (to look) around and (to try) to remember what (to happen) to him. 6. All the passengers (to see) at once that the old man (to travel) a great deal in his life. 7. By the time we (to come) to see him, he (to return) home. 8. During the holidays my friend (to visit) the village where he (to live) in his childhood. 9. When they (to enter) the hall, the performance already (to begin). 10. When I came home, my mother (to tell) me that she (to receive) a letter from grandfather. 11. Where you (to work) before you (to enter) the institute?