- •Morphological stylistics
- •1.The first type of grammatical denotation reflects relations of objects in outside reality such as singularity and plurality.
- •2 The second type is expressed by such categories as modelity, voice, definiteness and indefiniteness.
- •1.The first deals with the t ransposition of a grammar form into a new syntactical distributi on with the effect of contrast.
- •2 The second type of transposition involves both- lexical and grammatical meanings
- •3Transposition of grammatical meanings that brings together incompatible forms - e.G. The use of a common noun as a proper one.
- •If you forget to invite somebidy’s aunt millie, I want to be able to say I had nothing to do with it.
- •I’m a marlow by birth, and we are a hot-blooded family.(follett).
- •The stylistic power of the pronoun
- •In this example the demonstrative pronouns do not point at anything but the excitement of the speaker.
- •It was robert ackley, this guy, that roomed right next to me. (salinger)
- •In the same book e. Hemingway calls a huge and strong fish as he.
- •The adjective and its stylistic functions
- •The commercial functional style makes a wide use of the violation of grammatical norms to captivate the reader’s attention:
- •The verb and its stylistic properties
- •If there’s a disputed decision, he said genially, they shall race again.(waugh)
- •Impatience, irritation:
- •I didn’t mean to hurt you.
- •I must say you’re disappointing me, my dear fellow.(berger)
- •I don’t want to look at sita. I sip my coffee as long as possible. Then I do look at her and see that all the colour has left her face, she is fearfully pale.(erdrich)
- •Affixation and expressiveness
I don’t want to look at sita. I sip my coffee as long as possible. Then I do look at her and see that all the colour has left her face, she is fearfully pale.(erdrich)
THE STYLISTIC POTENTIAL OF THE VERB IS HIGH ENOUGH. THE MAJOR MECHANISM OF CREATING ADDITIONAL CONNOTATIONS IS THE TRANSPOSITION OF VERB FORMS THAT BRINGS ABOUT THE APPEARANCE OF METAPHORS OF THE FIRST AND SECOND TYPES.
Affixation and expressiveness
EVALUATIVE AND DIMINUTIVE SUFFIXES: WEAKLING, PIGLET, RIVULET, GIRLIE,
LAMBKIN, KITCHENETTE.
WE CAN FIND THEM AS A REMNANT OF THE FORMER MORPHOLOGICAL SYSTEM OR AS A RESULT OF BORROWING FROM OTHER LANGUAGES.
THESE SUFFIXES ENABLE THE SPEAKER TO COMMUNICATE HIS POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE EVALUATION OF A PERSON OR THING.
THE SUFFIX -IAN/EAN : THE PRE-TOLSTOYAN NOVEL MEANS “ LIKE SOMEONE OR SOMETHING, ESPECIALLY CONNECTED WITH A PARTICULAR THING , PLACE OR PERSON”.
THE CONNOTATIONS THIS SUFFIX MAY CONVEY ARE POSITIVE AND IT IS FREQUENTLY USED WITH PROPER NAMES, ESPECIALLY FAMOUS IN ART, LITERATURE, MUSIC, ETC.
SHAKESPEAREAN, WAGNERIAN
SOME OF THESE ADJECTIVES MAY POSSESS CONNOTATIONS CONNECTED WITH COMMON ASSOCIATIONS WITH THE WORK AND LIFE OF FAMOUS PEOPLE THAT MAY HAVE EITHER POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE COLOURING.
SUGGESTING CHARLES DICKENS OR HIS WRITING AS THE OLD-FASHIONED DIRTINESS OF VICTORIAN ENGLAND, SEE THE EXAMPLE:
MOST DEPUTIES WORK TWO TO AN OFFICE IN A SPACE OF DICKENSIAN GRIMNESS.
OR THE CHEERFULNESS OF VICTORIAN AMUSEMENTS AND CUSTOMS,
E.G. A REAL DICKENSIAN CHRISTMAS
THE SUFFIX -ISH IS NOT MERELY A NEUTRAL MORPHEME MEANING A SMALL DEGREE OF QUALITY, BUT IT SERVES TO CREATE “ DELICATE OR TACTFUL”. ANOTHER MEANING IS “ BELONGING OR HAVING CHARACTERISTICS OF SMB. OR SMTH.”. MOST DICTIONARIES POINT OUT THAT -ISH MAY SHOW DISAPPROVAL AND OFTEN HAS A DEROGATORY MEANING INDICATING THE BAD QUALITIES OF SOMETHING OR THE QUALITIES WHICH ARE NOT SUITABLE TO WHAT IT DESCRIBES.
BLUE-BLUISH,BALDISH, DULLISH, BIGGISH, SELFISH, SNOBBISH, MANNISH ( ABOUT A WOMAN)
THE SUFFIX –ESQUE: ARABESQUE, ROMANESQUE, DANTESQUE, TURNERESQUE.
WHEN USED WITH THE NAMES OF FAMOUS PEOPLE IT MEANS “ IN THE MANNAR OR STYLE OF THIS PARTICULAR PERSON”. DUE TO THE FRENCH ORIGIN IT IS CONSIDERED BOOKISH AND ASSOCIATED WITH EXQUISITE ELEVATED STYLE.
SUFFIXES OF NEGATIVE EVALUATION: -ARD, -STER, -EER, -MONGER: DRUNKARD , SCANDAL-MONGER, MOBSTER.
NEGATIVE AFFIXES : IN-, UN-, IR-, NON- - UNBENDING, IRREGULAR, NON-PROFIT.
CONSIDERING THE PROBLEM OF EXPRESSIVE AFFIXES DIFFERENTIATION SHOULD BE MADE BETWEEN NEGATIVE AFFIXES AND EVALUATIVE DEROGATORY AFFIXES. EVALUATIVE AFFIXES WITH DEROGATORY CONNOTATIONS DEMONSTRATE THE SPEAKER’S ATTITUDE TO THE PHENOMENON WHILE NEGATIVE AFFIXES NORMALLY REPRESENT OBJECTS AND PHENOMENA THAT ARE DEVOID OF SOME QUALITY OR DO NOT EXIST AT ALL.
ALL THESE EXAMPLES SHOW THAT STYLISTIC POTENTIALS OF GRAMMATICAL FORMS ARE GREAT ENOUGH. STYLISTIC ANALYSIS OF A WORK OF ART AMONG OTHER THINGS SHOULD INCLUDE THE ANALYSIS OF THE GRAMMATICAL LEVEL THAT ENABLES A STUDENT TO CAPTURE THE SUBTLE SHADES OF MOOD OR RHYTHMICAL ARRANGEMENT OR THE DYNAMICS OF THE COMPOSITION.