- •Morphological stylistics
- •1.The first type of grammatical denotation reflects relations of objects in outside reality such as singularity and plurality.
- •2 The second type is expressed by such categories as modelity, voice, definiteness and indefiniteness.
- •1.The first deals with the t ransposition of a grammar form into a new syntactical distributi on with the effect of contrast.
- •2 The second type of transposition involves both- lexical and grammatical meanings
- •3Transposition of grammatical meanings that brings together incompatible forms - e.G. The use of a common noun as a proper one.
- •If you forget to invite somebidy’s aunt millie, I want to be able to say I had nothing to do with it.
- •I’m a marlow by birth, and we are a hot-blooded family.(follett).
- •The stylistic power of the pronoun
- •In this example the demonstrative pronouns do not point at anything but the excitement of the speaker.
- •It was robert ackley, this guy, that roomed right next to me. (salinger)
- •In the same book e. Hemingway calls a huge and strong fish as he.
- •The adjective and its stylistic functions
- •The commercial functional style makes a wide use of the violation of grammatical norms to captivate the reader’s attention:
- •The verb and its stylistic properties
- •If there’s a disputed decision, he said genially, they shall race again.(waugh)
- •Impatience, irritation:
- •I didn’t mean to hurt you.
- •I must say you’re disappointing me, my dear fellow.(berger)
- •I don’t want to look at sita. I sip my coffee as long as possible. Then I do look at her and see that all the colour has left her face, she is fearfully pale.(erdrich)
- •Affixation and expressiveness
The verb and its stylistic properties
THE VERB IS ONE OF THE OLDEST PARTS OF SPEECH AND HAS A VERY DEVELOPED GRAMMATICAL PARADIGM. IT POSSESSES MORE GRAMMATICAL CATEGORIES THAN ANY OTHER PART OF SPEECH . ALL DEVIANT USAGES OF ITS TENSE, VOICE AND ASPECT FORMS HAVE STRONG STYLISTIC CONNOTATIONS AND PLAY AN IMPORTANT ROLE IN CREATING A METAPHORICAL MEANING. A VIVID EXAMPLE OF THE GRAMMATICAL METAPHOR OF THE FIRST TYPE (FORM TRANSPOSITION) IS THE USE OF “ HISTORICAL PRESENT” THAT MAKES THE DESCRIPTION VERY PICTORIAL AND VISIBLE.
“HISTORICAL PRESENT”
WHAT ELSE DO I REMEMBER! LET ME SEE.
THERE COMES OUT OF THE CLOUD OUR HOUSE, BUT QUITE FAMILIAR, IN ITS EARLIST REMEMBRANCE. ON THE GROUND FLOOR IS PEGGOTY’S KITCHEN, OPENING INTO A BACK YARD…
THE IMPERATIVE FORM AND THE PRESENT SIMPLE REFERRED TO THE FUTURE RENDER DETERMINATION:
EDWARD, LET THERE BE AN END OF THIS. I GO HOME.(DICKENS)
THE USE OF SHALL WITH THE SECOND OR THE THIRD PERSON WILL DENOTE THE SPEAKER’S EMOTIONS, INTENTION OR DETERMINATION:
If there’s a disputed decision, he said genially, they shall race again.(waugh)
THE USE OF WILL EVOKES SIMILAR CONNOTATIONS:
ADAM.ARE YOU TIGHT AGAIN?
LOOK OUT OF THE WINDOW AND SEE IF YOU CAN SEE A DAIMLER WAITING.
ADAM, WHAT HAVE YOU BEEN DOING? I WILL BE TOLD.
CONTINUOUS FORMS MAY EXPRESS:
COVICTION, DETERMINATION, PERSISTENCE:
WELL, SHE’S NEVER COMING HERE AGAIN, I TELL YOU THAT STRAIGHT.(MAUGHM)
Impatience, irritation:
I didn’t mean to hurt you.
YOU DID. YOU’RE DOING NOTHING ELSE.(SHAW)
SURPRISE, INDIGNATION, DISAPPROVAL:
WOMEN KILL ME. THEY ARE ALWAYS LEAVING THEIR GODDAM BAGS OUT IN THE MIDDLE OF THE AISLE. (SALINGER)
PRESENT CONTINUOUS MAY BE USED INSTEAD OF THE PRESENT INDEFINITE FORM TO CHARACTERIZE THE CURRENT EMOTIONAL STATE OR BEHAVIOUR:
HOW IS CAROL? BLOOMING, CHARLEY SAID. SHE IS BEING SO BRAVE.(SHAW_)
VERBS OF PHYSICAL AND MENTAL PERCEPTION IN CONTINUOUS FORMS.REVEAL A SEMI-MARKED STRUCTURE THAT IS HIGHLY EMPHATIC DUE TO THE INCOMPATIBLE COMBINATION OF LEXICAL MEANING AND GRAMMATICAL FORM.
I must say you’re disappointing me, my dear fellow.(berger)
NON-FINITE FORMS OF THE VERBS SUCH AS INFINITIVE AND PARTICIPLE 1 IN PLACE OF THE PERSONAL FORMS COMMUNICATE CERTAIN STYLISTIC CONNOTATIONS TO THE UTTERANCE.
E XPECT LEO TO PROPOSE TO HER!
DEATH! TO DECIDE ABOUT DEATH!
PASSIVE VOICE OF THE VERB WHEN VIEWED FROM A STYLISTIC ANGLE MAY DEMONSTRATE SUCH FUNCTIONS AS EXTREME GENERALISATION AND DEPERSONALISATION BECAUSE AN UTTERANCE IS DEVOID OF THE DOER OF AN ACTION AND THE ACTION ITSELF LOSES DIRECTION:
… HE IS A LONG-TIME CITIZEN AND TO BE TRUSTED…(MICHENER)
EMPHATIC DO IN AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES IS A NOTABLE EMPHATIC DEVICE: